Effects of acute aerobic, resistance and combined exercises on 24-h glucose variability and skeletal muscle signalling responses in type 1 diabetics

Abstract

Purpose To compare the effect of high-intensity aerobic (AER), resistance (RES), and combined (COMB: RES + AER) exercise, on interstitial glucose (IG) variability and skeletal muscle signalling pathways in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods T1D participants (6 M/6F) wore a flash glucose monitoring system in four randomized sessions: one control (CONT), and one AER, RES and COMB (40 min each). Mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), standard deviation (SD) and coefficient variation (CV) of IG were used to compare the 24 h post-exercise IG variability. Blood and muscle samples were collected to compare exercise-induced systemic and muscle signalling responses related to metabolic, growth and inflammatory adaptations. Results Both RES and COMB decreased the 24 h MAGE compared to CONT; additionally, COMB decreased the 24 h SD and CV. In the 6-12 h post-exercise, all exercise modalities reduced the IG CV while SD decreased only after COMB. Both AER and COMB stimulated the PGC-1α mRNA expression and promoted the splicing of IGF-1Ea variant, while Akt and p38MAPK phosphorylation increased only after RES and COMB. Additionally, COMB enhanced eEF2 activation and RES increased myogenin and MRF4 mRNA expression. Blood lactate and glycerol levels and muscle IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 mRNAs increased after all exercise sessions, while serum CK and LDH level did not change. Conclusion COMB is more effective in reducing IG fluctuations compared to single-mode AER or RES exercise. Moreover, COMB simultaneously activates muscle signalling pathways involved in substrate metabolism and anabolic adaptations, which can help to improve glycaemic control and maintain muscle health in T1D.

Effect of a single bout of morning or afternoon exercise on glucose fluctuation in young healthy men

“…The present study, however, demonstrated that exercise increased the glucose fluctuation indices compared with the control trial. Of note, in the present study, the meal size was increased in the exercise trials to achieve an individual energy balance over 24 h, while in the previous studies, the same meals were provided during trials with or without an exercise session (Li et al, 2018; Minnock et al, 2020; Praet et al, 2006; Rees et al, 2019; Terada et al, 2016). It is possible that the difference in the energy balance or meal size plays a role in controlling glucose fluctuation.…”

“…The same exercises performed 80 min after breakfast, however, do not affect MAGE. In addition, MAGE is decreased by 2 sets of 6 resistance exercises (at 80% of 1‐repetition maximum) and combined exercise (20 min each of aerobic exercise at 80% of heart rate reserve and 1 set of 6 resistance exercises) for 40 min performed in a fasting condition, but is not affected by aerobic exercise for 40 min (Minnock et al, 2020). Although the results of the previous studies were inconsistent, if the exercise had any effect on the glucose fluctuation, the glucose fluctuation indices were decreased.…”

Genes controlling skeletal muscle glucose uptake and their regulation by endurance and resistance exercise

“…21 In summary, both endurance and resistance exercise mitigate skeletal muscle insulin resistance. 88 Combining aerobic and resistance exercise might offer superior effects on glucose homeostasis compared to aerobic or resistance exercise alone, [89][90][91] as each type of exercise regulates some glucose-uptake genes that are not regulated by the other. Our analysis provides a molecular framework for how these two types of exercise elicit improvements in glucose homeostasis as they seemingly engage distinct pathways.…”

Hu-Zhang-Qing-Mai-Yin Inhibits Proliferation of Human Retinal Capillary Endothelial Cells Exposed to High Glucose

“…In diabetic patients, elevation of glycolytic enzymes including ENO1 is used as a biomarker for endogenous renoprotective factors (Gordin et al, 2019). Aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise is able to enhance the activation of EEF2, contributing to improved glycemic control and maintenance of muscle health in type 1 diabetes (Minnock et al, 2020). ERPS can also be the potential biomarker to distinguish the type 2 diabetes and healthy person (Chu et al, 2013).…”