Effects of acute tryptophan depletion in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-remitted patients with generalized anxiety disorder

Hood, Sean; Hince, Dana; Davies, Simon; Argyropoulos, Spilios V.; Robinson, Hayley; Potokar, John; Nutt, David

doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1722-1

Cited by 19 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…These suggest diminished cognitive processing of error following ATD (Cools et al 2008). Direct effects of serotonin on cardiovascular function are suggested in case reported of clinically-significant bradycardia in (atypical) anxiety patients following ATD (Hood et al 2010), consistent with a serotonergic effect within brainstem baroreflex nuclei (Bago and Dean 2001; Davies et al 2007). However, we note that our experiments did not embody aspects of monitoring and error-feedback for shaping subsequent task performance and our results suggest that affective processing without these factors does not have a critical serotonin-dependent autonomic component.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…These suggest diminished processing of negative error information following ATD (Cools et al 2008). Direct effects of serotonin on cardiovascular function are suggested by case reports of clinically-significant bradycardia in (atypical) anxiety patients following ATD (Hood et al 2010), and by changes in HRV following SSRI treatment (Licht et al 2008). These findings are consistent with a serotonergic effect within brainstem baroreflex nuclei (Bago and Dean 2001; Davies et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute tryptophan depletion attenuates conscious appraisal of social emotional signals in healthy female volunteers

et al. 2010

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RationaleAcute tryptophan depletion (ATD) decreases levels of central serotonin. ATD thus enables the cognitive effects of serotonin to be studied, with implications for the understanding of psychiatric conditions, including depression.ObjectiveTo determine the role of serotonin in conscious (explicit) and unconscious/incidental processing of emotional information.Materials and methodsA randomized, double-blind, cross-over design was used with 15 healthy female participants. Subjective mood was recorded at baseline and after 4 h, when participants performed an explicit emotional face processing task, and a task eliciting unconscious processing of emotionally aversive and neutral images presented subliminally using backward masking.ResultsATD was associated with a robust reduction in plasma tryptophan at 4 h but had no effect on mood or autonomic physiology. ATD was associated with significantly lower attractiveness ratings for happy faces and attenuation of intensity/arousal ratings of angry faces. ATD also reduced overall reaction times on the unconscious perception task, but there was no interaction with emotional content of masked stimuli. ATD did not affect breakthrough perception (accuracy in identification) of masked images.ConclusionsATD attenuates the attractiveness of positive faces and the negative intensity of threatening faces, suggesting that serotonin contributes specifically to the appraisal of the social salience of both positive and negative salient social emotional cues. We found no evidence that serotonin affects unconscious processing of negative emotional stimuli. These novel findings implicate serotonin in conscious aspects of active social and behavioural engagement and extend knowledge regarding the effects of ATD on emotional perception.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute tryptophan depletion attenuates conscious appraisal of social emotional signals in healthy female volunteers

et al. 2010

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“…Dietary deficiency in L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, or L-tyrosine leads to low serotonin synthesis due to the lack of availability of these building blocks and this dietary deficiency is associated with anxiety [25–28]. Dietary supplementation with increased L-tryptophan is known to increases serotonin synthesis in rats and humans [25,26,29] verifying a nutritional approach to the treatment of anxiety.…”

Section: Nutritional Approaches For Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dietary supplementation with increased L-tryptophan is known to increases serotonin synthesis in rats and humans [25,26,29] verifying a nutritional approach to the treatment of anxiety. 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the tryptophan precursor, elevates the levels of serotonin synhtesized in humans [30,31] and 5-HTP and tryptophan elevate brain serotonin levels are known to enhance a sense of well being [30–35].…”

Section: Nutritional Approaches For Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary and botanical anxiolytics

Alramadhan

Hanna

et al. 2012

Med Sci Monit

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SummaryDrugs used to treat anxiety have many negative side effects including addiction, depression, suicide, seizures, sexual dysfunction, headaches and more. Anxiolytic medications do not restore normal levels of neurotransmitters but instead manipulate the brain chemistry. For example, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) prevent the reuptake of serotonin from the synapse allowing serotonin to remain in the area of activity for a longer period of time but does not correct the lack of serotonin production. Benzodiazepines, such as Valium and Xanax®, stimulate GABA receptors, thus mimicking the calming effects of GABA but again do not fix the lack of GABA production. Often, the brain becomes accustomed to these medications and they often lose their effectiveness, requiring higher doses or different drugs. In contrast to anxiolytic drugs, there are herbs and nutrients which can stimulates neurotransmitter synthesis and more naturally effect and even adjust brain chemistry in the absence of many of the side effects experienced with drugs. Therefore this paper explores several herbal and nutritional approaches to the treatment of anxiety.

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“…Ethological research suggests that the experience of trauma during key development periods can result in persistent changes in brain morphology and function and lead to increased vulnerability to subsequent adversities [20] . PTSD may cause tryptophan depletion [20][21][22] . Melatonin secretion decreases in patients with tryptophan depletion [23] .…”

Section: Post-traumatic Stress Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Which is the best choice for gastroesophageal disorders: Melatonin or proton pump inhibitors?

Torres

Pereira²

2010

WJGPT

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Author contributions: Oliveira-Torres JDF is credited with valuable discussions related to patient biopsy samples, drawing of the structures, acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data (database search work in pubmed and web of science), organization of references and valuable discussions about the questions of referees; Pereira RS is credited with the main idea of chemical structure comparison between omeprazole and melatonin and the possible mechanism of action, writing of the manuscript and answers for the referees. AbstractMelatonin is used in many countries to improve sleep disorders. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland and enterochromaffin cells which control sleep and gastrointestinal motility. Low levels of melatonin lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Most of patients with GERD have a sleep disorder. So, low melatonin levels is the main cause of insomnia. Beyond this, it has an inhibitory action on gastric acid secretion and seems to control the lower esophageal sphincter. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production. They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available today. Omeprazole (one of the PPIs) and melatonin have similarities in their chemical structures. Therefore, we could consider omeprazole as a rough copy of melatonin. In this paper, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of the clinical use of melatonin and PPIs.

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Effects of acute tryptophan depletion in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-remitted patients with generalized anxiety disorder

Cited by 19 publications

References 37 publications

Acute tryptophan depletion attenuates conscious appraisal of social emotional signals in healthy female volunteers

Acute tryptophan depletion attenuates conscious appraisal of social emotional signals in healthy female volunteers

Dietary and botanical anxiolytics

Which is the best choice for gastroesophageal disorders: Melatonin or proton pump inhibitors?

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