Effects of Acute Visual Stimulation Exercise on Attention Processes: An ERP Study

Abstract

Backgrounds: It remains to be determined whether visual stimuli during exercise differentially influence the attention process. The purpose of the present study was to examine if different color stimuli during aerobic exercise are associated with different attention processes. Methods: 22 college students completed a four 30-min running session during the presentation of different color stimuli (blue, green, red, and yellow) and without color stimulus on separate visits. The Kanizsa triangle task was administrated before and immediately after exercise to assess the attention process. Behavioral performance (accuracy and response time (RT)) and event-related potential (P2, N2b and P3a) were recorded during the test. Results: Valid/invalid cue RT during the Kaniza test performance was significantly faster following the presentation of color stimuli during treadmill exercise compared to the seated rest. During exercise, these changes were larger after green and yellow stimuli than red in invalid cue RT. P2, N2b and P3a amplitudes of green were significantly larger than the other colors for both valid and invalid cues. Red color showed the lowest P2 and P3a amplitudes for both valid and invalid cues among colors. Conclusion: The distinctive neurocognitive changes during aerobic exercise suggest different effects of color stimuli on visual search attention, attention capture, attentional orienting and processing speed. This study will be a first step to understand the optimal environmental setting during exercise for subsequent improvements in the attention process.

Attention neuroenhancement through tDCS or neurofeedback: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial

“…There are no similar descriptions in the literature since we have not identified studies evaluating electrophysiological components in the ANT on different sessions. Some studies that investigate ERP in other attentional tests on two different moments detected greater amplitudes for component P3 postintervention, usually related to enhanced attentional performance in the last moment 75,76 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ automatic and controlled attentional processes, which could explain the learning effect detected in the RT. It seems to be the case, at least for P3cue and P3 components, since we found a negative correlation between those components and RT.…”

“…(1) P1 between 90 and 160 ms on parieto-occipital electrodes (geodesic net61,62,78,77,67,71,76,75,72); (2) N1 between 160 and 220 ms on the same electrodes of P1; (3) P3cue-between 250 and 400 ms on the same electrodes of P1; (4) P3between 300 and 450 ms on parietal(61,62,78,79,54,55,31,80) and occipital(71,75,76,72,67,77) electrodes. The electrode area for each ERP can be seen in Fig.3.…”

Different Educational Interventions on Individual Cognition of Garbage Classification Based on EEG Monitoring

“…A large number of existing studies are also based on small samples (less than 30) to address the impact of stimuli on a subject’s cognitive processes through a statistical analysis of ERP components, which is similar to the aim of our study. For example, Wu et al (2021) used 22 subjects as a sample to study the effects of different color stimuli on attention, and explained the effects of color stimuli on visual search, attention capture, and attention orientation with P2, N2b, and P3a, respectively [ 73 ]. Li et al (2022) explored the neural processes induced by the central visual area when encountering danger, through an observation of the N100 and P200 related to 26 car drivers when they saw a traffic accident [ 74 ].…”

Meta-Analysis of Electroencephalographic Correlates and Cognitive Performance for Acute Exercise-Induced Modulation

“…Increases in P3 Amplitude with Improvements in Cognitive Performance A total of 27 research studies accounting for 49% of the sample exhibit a positive relationship between changes in P3 amplitudes and behavioral performance, all due to enhanced resource allocation to the ongoing cognitive task [3,9,[24][25][26][27].…”

“…Although the cognitive improvement on which acute exercise interventions incur is known to be achieved mostly through a mechanism of general arousal, blood flow, and brain oxygenation prompted by increased cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary function during exercise [7,8], and despite the fact that the P300 component has been found to be strongly correlated with fluid intelligence (with the ERP's amplitude being associated with attentional resource deployment during performance tasks, while its latency being related to the speed of stimulus evaluation and classification [9,10], and with both phenomena converging in what is termed "context updating" [10]), there is a lack of consensus regarding the way said acute exercise-induced cognitive enhancements affects the P300-ERP component, with some of the latest research stating that there is, in fact, an acute exerciseinduced modulation on cognitive performance and the P300 component [11], while other stating that such relationship is non-existent [12][13][14][15] or just existing among two of the three variables: either only between acute exercise and cognitive performance but not the P300 [16][17][18][19][20], or only between acute exercise and the P300 but not cognitive performance [4,[21][22][23]. And even among the research observing a relationship between the three variables, they have observed differing directions for their associations, with several papers yielding results correlating improvements in cognitive performance with increased P300 amplitudes [24][25][26][27], while others observing an association between such improvements with decreased P300 amplitudes [28,29].…”