Effects of age and skill in typing.

Salthouse, Timothy A.

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.113.3.345

Cited by 496 publications

(434 citation statements)

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“…For instance, Charness's (1981) study of chess players found that high levels of performance could be maintained as performers got older. Other examinations of cognitive-motor experts such as pianists (Krampe & Ericsson, 1996) and typists (Salthouse, 1984) substantiate these findings. These investigations point to the critical role that prolonged involvement (i.e., training) might play in maintaining performance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 75%

“…The costs associated with longitudinal research, however, often preclude the systematic examination of age-related decline. Several researchers (Bortz & Bortz, 1996;Stones & Kozma, 1981, 1984 have suggested that masters athletes represent an ideal population for examining age-related decline because the comprehensive record keeping associated with many sports affords readily accessible measures of performance over time. Furthermore, data from masters athletes can be used to represent the performance levels possible if one maintains involvement in high amounts of physical activity throughout the life span.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In a series of studies, Stones and Kozma (1980, 1981, 1982a, 1982b, 1984, 1986a, 1986b) considered cross-sectional and longitudinal data of performance decline. Their analyses indicated that cross-sectional data show a more rapid rate of loss than was evident in longitudinal data.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maintenance of Skilled Performance with Age: A Descriptive Examination of Professional Golfers

Baker¹,

Deakin²,

Horton³

et al. 2007

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

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Demographic studies indicate a remarkable aging trend in North America. An accurate profile of the decline in physical and cognitive capabilities over time is essential to our understanding of the aging process. This study examined the maintenance of skilled performance across the careers of 96 professional golfers. Data were collected on scoring average, driving distance, driving accuracy, greens in regulation, putts per round, and number of competitive rounds played using online data archives. Analyses indicate that performance in this activity can be maintained to a greater extent than in activities relying on biologically constrained abilities. Although the generalizability of these results to “normal” aging populations is not known, they suggest that acquired skills can be maintained to a large extent in the face of advancing age.

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confidence: 75%

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confidence: 99%

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Maintenance of Skilled Performance with Age: A Descriptive Examination of Professional Golfers

Baker¹,

Deakin²,

Horton³

et al. 2007

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

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“…Typewriting involves controlling complex sequences of keystrokes while concentrating on copying or composing complex sentences. Yet, skilled typists type very quickly compared with novices (Butsch, 1932;Fendrick, 1937;Salthouse, 1984). The differences between skilled typists and novices stem from the way typing is controlled (Bryan & Harter, 1899;Lashley, 1951;Logan & Crump, 2011).…”

Section: Hierarchical Control Of Skilled Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Pushing typists back on the learning curve: Revealing chunking in skilled typewriting.

Yamaguchi¹,

Logan²

2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Theories of skilled performance propose that highly trained skills involve hierarchically structured control processes. The present study examined and demonstrated hierarchical control at several levels of processing in skilled typewriting. In the first two experiments, we scrambled the order of letters in words to prevent skilled typists from chunking letters, and compared typing words and scrambled words. Experiment 1 manipulated stimulus quality to reveal chunking in perception, and Experiment 2 manipulated concurrent memory load to reveal chunking in short-term memory (STM). Both experiments manipulated the number of letters in words and nonwords to reveal chunking in motor planning. In the next two experiments, we degraded typing skill by altering the usual haptic feedback by using a laser-projection keyboard, so that typists had to monitor keystrokes. Neither the number of motor chunks (Experiment 3) nor the number of STM items (Experiment 4) was influenced by the manipulation. The results indicate that the utilization of hierarchical control depends on whether the input allows chunking but not on whether the output is generated automatically. We consider the role of automaticity in hierarchical control of skilled performance.

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“…Research by Salthouse (1984) on typing skills in old age is one persuasive example of how specialization and compensation interact in older adults to produce a high level of selective efficacy. Older expert typists-although showing less efficient reaction times than young expert typists when confronted with the typing of individual characters-nevertheless display good efficacy.…”

Section: Intellectual Development As a Dynamic Between Growth (Gain) mentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline.

Baltes¹

1987

Developmental Psychology

2,340

1,615

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Life-span developmental psychology involves the study of constancy and change in behavior throughout the life course. One aspect of life-span research has been the advancement of a more general, metatheoretical view on the nature of development. The family of theoretical perspectives associated with this metatheoretical view of life-span developmental psychology includes the recognition of multidirectionality in ontogenetic change, consideration of both age-connected and disconnected developmental factors, a focus on the dynamic and continuous interplay between growth (gain) and decline (loss), emphasis on historical embeddedness and other structural contextual factors, and the study of the range of plasticity in development. Application of the family of perspectives associated with life-span developmental psychology is illustrated for the domain of intellectual development. Two recently emerging perspectives of the family of beliefs are given particular attention. The first proposition is methodological and suggests that plasticity can best be studied with a research strategy called testing-the-limits. The second proposition is theoretical and proffers that any developmental change includes the joint occurrence of gain (growth) and loss (decline) in adaptive capacity. To assess the pattern of positive (gains) and negative (losses) consequences resulting from development, it is necessary to know the criterion demands posed by the individual and the environment during the lifelong process of adaptation.The study of life-span development is not a homogeneous field. It comes in two major interrelated modes. The first mode is the extension of developmental studies across the life course without a major effort at the construction of metatheory that emanates from life-span work. The second mode includes the endeavor to explore whether life-span research has specific implications for the general nature of developmental theory. The second approach represents the topic of this article.Specifically, the purpose of this article is twofold. First, after a brief introduction to the field of life-span developmental psychology, some "prototypical" features of the life-span approach in developmental psychology are presented. Second, these features are illustrated by work in one domain: intellectual development. Although the focus of this paper is on life-span developmental psychology and its theoretical thrust, it is important to recognize at the outset that similar perspectives on developmental theory have been advanced in other quarters of developmental scholarship as well (Hetherington & Baltes, in press; Scan;. There is, however, a major difference in the "gestalt" in which the features of the theoretical perspective of life-span psychology are organized.

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Effects of age and skill in typing.

Cited by 496 publications

References 57 publications

Maintenance of Skilled Performance with Age: A Descriptive Examination of Professional Golfers

Maintenance of Skilled Performance with Age: A Descriptive Examination of Professional Golfers

Pushing typists back on the learning curve: Revealing chunking in skilled typewriting.

Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline.

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