Effects of aging on sequential cognitive flexibility are associated with fronto-parietal processing deficits

Giller, Franziska; Beste, Christian

doi:10.1007/s00429-019-01910-z

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…More specifically, the ability to adjust eye movement strategies according to mask conditions during face recognition may require good cognitive flexibility to switch between perceptuomotor and visual routine memories, and good problem-solving skills to develop new visual routines when there is a mismatch between information available for memory encoding and retrieval. Thus, it may be particularly challenging to young children, whose cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills are still developing (e.g., Peng et al, 2018 ); older adults, whose cognitive abilities may have declined (e.g., Giller & Beste, 2019 ); and individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), who are typically characterized by low cognitive flexibility (e.g., English et al, 2017 ; Fujino et al, 2019 ; Soriano et al, 2018 ). Explicit instructions on strategies that may benefit recognition performance, such as adjusting to a more eyes-focused eye movement pattern when recognizing an unmasked face that was learned with a mask on, may help these vulnerable individuals adapt better.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of mask use on face recognition: an eye-tracking study

2022

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We examined how mask use affects performance and eye movements in face recognition and whether strategy change reflected in eye movements is associated with performance change. Eighty-eight participants performed face recognition with masked faces either during learning only, during recognition only, or during both learning and recognition. As compared with the baseline condition where faces were unmasked during both learning and recognition, participants had impaired performance in all three scenarios, with larger impairment when mask conditions during learning and recognition did not match. When recognizing unmasked faces, whether the faces were learned with or without a mask on did not change eye movement behavior. Nevertheless, when recognizing unmasked faces that were learned with a mask on, participants who adopted more eyes-focused patterns had less performance impairment as compared with the baseline condition. When recognizing masked faces, participants had more eyes-focused patterns and more consistent gaze transition behavior than recognizing unmasked faces regardless of whether the faces were learned with or without a mask on. Nevertheless, when recognizing masked faces that were learned without a mask, participants whose gaze transition behavior was more consistent had less performance impairment as compared with the baseline condition. Thus, although eye movements during recognition were mainly driven by the mask condition during recognition but not that during learning, those who adjusted their strategy according to the mask condition difference between learning and recognition had better performance. This finding has important implications for identifying populations vulnerable to the impact of mask use and potential remedial strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of mask use on face recognition: an eye-tracking study

2022

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“…The same is the case for fronto‐striatal and fronto‐parietal connections and cortices (Rubia et al, 2006 ). These play an important role in response inhibition processes (Bari & Robbins, 2013 ) and have been implicated in the coding of alarm/surprise signals (Dippel et al, 2016 ; Geng & Vossel, 2013 ; Giller & Beste, 2019 ; Giller, Zhang, Roessner, & Beste, 2019 ; Wessel et al, 2016 ). Thus, a possible theoretical framework for the finding that the relationship between resting‐state and task‐related theta activity becomes stronger with increasing age might relate to the completion of structural brain maturation processes and the concomitant changes in long‐range network dynamics that are important for coding alarm/surprise signals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interplay of resting and inhibitory control‐related theta‐band activity depends on age

Pscherer

Bluschke

Mückschel

et al. 2021

Human Brain Mapping

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Resting-state neural activity plays an important role for cognitive control processes.Regarding response inhibition processes, an important facet of cognitive control, especially theta-band activity has been the focus of research. Theoretical considerations suggest that the interrelation of resting and task-related theta activity is subject to maturational effects. To investigate whether the relationship between resting theta activity and task-related theta activity during a response inhibition task changes even in young age, we tested N = 166 healthy participants between 8 and 30 years of age. We found significant correlations between resting and inhibitory controlrelated theta activity as well as behavioral inhibition performance. Importantly, these correlations were moderated by age. The moderation analysis revealed that higher resting theta activity was associated with stronger inhibition-related theta activity in individuals above the age of $10.7 years. The EEG beamforming analysis showed that this activity is associated with superior frontal region function (BA6). The correlation between resting and superior frontal response inhibition-related theta activity became stronger with increasing age. A similar pattern was found for response inhibition performance, albeit only evident from the age of $19.5 years. The results suggest that with increasing age, resting theta activity becomes increasingly important for processing the alarm/surprise signals in superior frontal brain regions during inhibitory control. Possible causes for these developmental changes are discussed.

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“…Several recent studies have adopted the modality switching task ( Zhang et al, 2016a , 2017 ; Wolff et al, 2018 ; Giller and Beste, 2019 ; Giller et al, 2019 , 2020 ). In the experiment by Koch et al (2004) , two tasks included numerical judgment tasks (parity and size), and the third task was a simple reaction task, requiring the simultaneous pressing of two reaction keys when the stimulus appears.…”

Section: Experimental Paradigmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although researchers have adopted the term BI in the past decades, in our opinion, it is inappropriate to call BI when we check the relevant operational definition and measurement methods. For example, some studies have determined that cognitive deficits (i.e., Parkinson’s disease, Fales et al, 2006 ), underdeveloped brains (i.e., adolescents, Giller et al, 2019 ), and aging brain functions (i.e., elderly, Giller and Beste, 2019 ) will lead to greater BI effects. However, some previous researches believe that the BI effect reflects the intensity of inhibition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is urgent to clarify the nature of the BI effect and its internal mechanism. In fact, some researchers have pointed out that in BI research, most of the investigations are deinhibition, not the inhibition of previous stimuli ( Mayr and Keele, 2000 ; Dreher and Berman, 2002 ; Fales et al, 2006 ; Giller and Beste, 2019 ; Picazio et al, 2020 ). Therefore, the first aim of this review is to summarize the main paradigm of BI research, the development of BI ability, and analyze whether the cognitive process reflects the inhibition process or the deinhibition process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognitive Neural Mechanism of Backward Inhibition and Deinhibition: A Review

Chen

2022

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Task switching is one of the typical paradigms to study cognitive control. When switching back to a recently inhibited task (e.g., “A” in an ABA sequence), the performance is often worse compared to a task without N-2 task repetitions (e.g., CBA). This difference is called the backward inhibitory effect (BI effect), which reflects the process of overcoming residual inhibition from a recently performed task (i.e., deinhibition). The neural mechanism of backward inhibition and deinhibition has received a lot of attention in the past decade. Multiple brain regions, including the frontal lobe, parietal, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, are activated during deinhibition. The event-related potentials (ERP) studies have shown that deinhibition process is reflected in the P1/N1 and P3 components, which might be related to early attention control, context updating, and response selection, respectively. Future research can use a variety of new paradigms to separate the neural mechanisms of BI and deinhibition.

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Effects of aging on sequential cognitive flexibility are associated with fronto-parietal processing deficits

Cited by 22 publications

References 67 publications

Impact of mask use on face recognition: an eye-tracking study

Impact of mask use on face recognition: an eye-tracking study

The interplay of resting and inhibitory control‐related theta‐band activity depends on age

Cognitive Neural Mechanism of Backward Inhibition and Deinhibition: A Review

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