Effects of alternating set for speed or accuracy on response time, accuracy and confidence in a unidimensional discrimination task

Vickers, Douglas; Packer, Jeanette S.

doi:10.1016/0001-6918(82)90006-3

Cited by 141 publications

(223 citation statements)

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“…In particular, response times were measured as a function of target duration. Research on two-choice discrimination performance (e.g., Henmon 1910;Smith and Vickers 1988;Vickers and Packer 1982) suggests that response times should be shortest for very short or very long target durations, because participants are most certain about whether to judge the target as being shorter or longer than the standards, respectively. For target durations closer to the standard duration, response times are expected to increase.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing a control condition in the classic oddball paradigm: Oddballs are overestimated in duration not only because of their oddness

Birngruber

Schröter

Ulrich

2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Three experiments assessed whether participants perceive infrequent stimuli (oddballs) to last longer than frequent ones (standards). The classical oddball paradigm was modified so that participants judged the duration of a target stimulus which could either be a standard or an oddball. The target was always the fifth stimulus in the stream and all stimuli were presented at predefined spatial positions. These modifications enabled a direct comparison of duration judgments for oddballs and standards. In Experiments 1 and 2 not only the duration of oddballs but also the duration of standards was overestimated by virtually the same amount. In other words, the overestimation of oddballs was not due to their oddness but reflected a different temporal dilation such as the negative time-order error. In Experiment 3, all stimuli were presented at the same spatial position. Again, both oddballs and standards were overestimated, however, oddballs more so. The present results highlight the importance of comparing the judged duration of oddballs and standards when evaluating the size of the genuine oddball effect. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the occurrence of temporal oddball effects can depend on spatial features of stimulus presentation. Keywords Time perception · Oddball effect · Stimulus frequencyPrevious research has indicated that people tend to overestimate the duration of deviant stimuli appearing in a series of repeated standard stimuli (Birngruber et al. 2014a;Chen and Yeh 2009;Kim and McAuley 2013;New and Scholl 2009;Pariyadath and Eagleman 2007;Schindel et al. 2011; T. Birngruber ( ) · H. Schröter · R. Ulrich University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany e-mail: teresa.birngruber@uni-tuebingen.de Tse et al. 2004). Tse et al. first introduced a paradigm that revealed this oddball effect (OE). In this paradigm, participants were presented a stream of standard stimuli, for example small black disks, in the center of a computer screen. All standard stimuli were presented for a constant standard duration. At random positions within this stream, single oddball stimuli, for example expanding black disks, were presented for varying comparison durations. The participants' task was to judge whether the oddballs were shorter or longer in duration than the standard stimuli. Tse et al. observed overestimations of the oddballs' duration in the order of 35 %. This basic effect has not only been observed for expanding disks but also for stationary oddballs which only deviated from the standards in shape or color (Birngruber et al. 2014a;Chen and Yeh 2009;Schindel et al. 2011).However, follow-up studies have usually reported distinctly smaller OEs than those reported by Tse et al. (2004). In their original study, Tse et al. employed comparison durations that were mostly shorter than the standard duration. Such an asymmetric arrangement of comparison durations can result in the so-called asymmetry effect (Guilford 1954) and thus artificially inflate the size of the OE. Accordingly, Seifried and Ulrich (2010) ob...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing a control condition in the classic oddball paradigm: Oddballs are overestimated in duration not only because of their oddness

Birngruber

Schröter

Ulrich

2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…, 1.00). This task has been studied in a number of studies on confidence and calibration (Baranski & Petrusic, 1998;Henmon, 1911;Juslin & Olsson, 1997;Vickers & Packer, 1982). During the conceptual task, participants were shown a pair of U.S. cities randomly drawn from the 100 most populated U.S. cities in 2006 and asked to identify the city with the larger/smaller population and then rate their response on a subjective probability scale.…”

Section: Overview Of Empirical Evaluation Of 2dsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-stage dynamic signal detection: A theory of choice, decision time, and confidence.

Pleskac¹,

Busemeyer²

2010

Psychological Review

679

947

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The 3 most often-used performance measures in the cognitive and decision sciences are choice, response or decision time, and confidence. We develop a random walk/diffusion theory-2-stage dynamic signal detection (2DSD) theory-that accounts for all 3 measures using a common underlying process. The model uses a drift diffusion process to account for choice and decision time. To estimate confidence, we assume that evidence continues to accumulate after the choice. Judges then interrupt the process to categorize the accumulated evidence into a confidence rating. The model explains all known interrelationships between the 3 indices of performance. Furthermore, the model also accounts for the distributions of each variable in both a perceptual and general knowledge task. The dynamic nature of the model also reveals the moderating effects of time pressure on the accuracy of choice and confidence. Finally, the model specifies the optimal solution for giving the fastest choice and confidence rating for a given level of choice and confidence accuracy. Judges are found to act in a manner consistent with the optimal solution when making confidence judgments.

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“…Given the prevalence and popularity of alternative random-walk and diffusion sequential sampling models, it is probably worth justifying and motivating our use of the accumulator approach. First, the accumulator model provides a principled approach to modeling subjective confidence, through its balance of evidence mechanism, that has been demonstrated to be successful empirically (Baranski & Petrusic, 1994;Smith & Vickers, 1988;van Zandt, 2000;Vickers & Packer, 1982;Vickers, Smith, Burt, & Brown, 1985). Second, we wish to model the way people adapt their decision making over repeated trials, and so need an account of the way people change in response to learning about the environment, and self-regulate their decision processes.…”

Section: An Accumulator Sequential Sampling Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decision Making and Confidence Given Uncertain Advice

Lee

Dry

2006

Cognitive Science

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We study human decision making in a simple forced-choice task that manipulates the frequency and accuracy of available information. Empirically, we find that people make decisions consistent with the advice provided, but that their subjective confidence in their decisions shows 2 interesting properties. First, people's confidence does not depend solely on the accuracy of the advice. Rather, confidence seems to be influenced by both the frequency and accuracy of the advice. Second, people are less confident in their guessed decisions when they have to make relatively more of them. Theoretically, we develop and evaluate a type of sequential sampling process model-known as a self-regulating accumulator-that accounts for both decision making and confidence. The model captures the regularities in people's behavior with interpretable parameter values, and we show its ability to fit the data is not due to excessive model complexity. Using the model, we draw conclusions about some properties of human reasoning under uncertainty.

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Effects of alternating set for speed or accuracy on response time, accuracy and confidence in a unidimensional discrimination task

Cited by 141 publications

References 14 publications

Introducing a control condition in the classic oddball paradigm: Oddballs are overestimated in duration not only because of their oddness

Introducing a control condition in the classic oddball paradigm: Oddballs are overestimated in duration not only because of their oddness

Two-stage dynamic signal detection: A theory of choice, decision time, and confidence.

Decision Making and Confidence Given Uncertain Advice

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