Effects of ambient temperature and humidity on droplet lifetime – A perspective of exhalation sneeze droplets with COVID-19 virus transmission

Chen, Lea-Der

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113568

Cited by 72 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Guangzhou is one of the favorite destinations. The convenience of long-distance travel could increase the incidence of local cases through respiratory droplets (e.g., from exhalation sneeze) and contact routes [21] . And the possibility of transmission by asymptomatic carriers could further enhance it's spread [21] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The convenience of long-distance travel could increase the incidence of local cases through respiratory droplets (e.g., from exhalation sneeze) and contact routes [21] . And the possibility of transmission by asymptomatic carriers could further enhance it's spread [21] . Such occurrence of both imported and domestically transmitted cases has signi cant potential for psychological contagion, resulting in widespread fear, helplessness, and a variety of adverse mental health outcomes [7] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among women in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional study

Liang

Wang

Shi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a public health emergency of international concern. To date, there are limited studies that have investigated the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health among female population. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and it’s related factors among women in Guangzhou, China, during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed from 30th March 2020 to 13th April 2020 using anonymous online questionnaire among 864 women at 6-12 weeks postpartum. The Chinese version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and a questionnaire regarding associated factors were administered to all participants. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors that were significantly associated with PPD.Results: The prevalence of PPD among women at 6-12 weeks postpartum was 30.0%. A multivariate logistic regression model identified significant factors as: immigrant women, persistent fever, poor social support, concerns about contracting COVID-19 and certain precautionary measures.Conclusions: The findings suggest the need for policies and interventions to not only mitigate the psychological impacts but also targeting disadvantaged sub-groups of women following childbirth during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among women in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional study

Liang

Wang

Shi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Assuming that these human expelled droplets are generated at the height of 1.7 m with no initial vertical velocity, we can further calculate the lifetime of a droplet, which is the time corresponding to z = 1.7 m. For all the calculations, we assume an indoor environmental condition, where the temperature is 23 o C and the relative humidity is 50%. Conceivably, temperature and relative humidity can affect the droplet evolution through evaporation, as shown in Chen 2020 [ 18 ]. Moreover, they will likely influence the viability of viruses and, thereby the infection risk [ 38 ], which is discussed at the end of the following section.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the sizes of the largest droplets that would totally evaporate before settling 2 m are between 60 and 100 μm, and these expelled large droplets are carried more than 6 m away by exhaled air at a velocity of 50 m s -1 (sneezing), more than 2 m away at a velocity of 10 m s -1 (coughing) and less than 1 m away at a velocity of 1 m s -1 (breathing) [ 14 ]. Many of these existing studies, including a recent one [ 18 ] investigated the droplet lifetime influenced by the ambient temperature and humidity using the evaporating drop mathematical model, but the virus contained in the particles, and the associated viral load as a function of particle size were not included in the model. This particle size-dependent viral load is crucial to our understanding of the relative importance of airborne and droplet transmission because if a significant number of viruses remain in airborne, appropriate precautions should be taken, such as universal masking, stronger indoor ventilation rate, and air disinfection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the load of SARS-CoV-2 virus in human expelled particles during coughing and speaking

Wang

Huang

2020

PLoS ONE

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Particle size is an essential factor when considering the fate and transport of virus-containing droplets expelled by human, because it determines the deposition pattern in the human respiratory system and the evolution of droplets by evaporation and gravitational settling. However, the evolution of virus-containing droplets and the size-dependent viral load have not been studied in detail. The lack of this information leads to uncertainties in understanding the airborne transmission of respiratory diseases, such as the COVID-19. In this study, through a set of differential equations describing the evolution of respiratory droplets and by using the SARS-CoV-2 virus as an example, we investigated the distribution of airborne virus in human expelled particles from coughing and speaking. More specifically, by calculating the vertical distances traveled by the respiratory droplets, we examined the number of viruses that can remain airborne and the size of particles carrying these airborne viruses after different elapsed times. From a single cough, a person with a high viral load in respiratory fluid (2.35 × 10 9 copies per ml) may generate as many as 1.23 × 10 5 copies of viruses that can remain airborne after 10 seconds, compared to 386 copies of a normal patient (7.00 × 10 6 copies per ml). Masking, however, can effectively block around 94% of the viruses that may otherwise remain airborne after 10 seconds. Our study found that no clear size boundary exists between particles that can settle and can remain airborne. The results from this study challenge the conventional understanding of disease transmission routes through airborne and droplet mechanisms. We suggest that a complete understanding of the respiratory droplet evolution is essential and needed to identify the transmission mechanisms of respiratory diseases.

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“…A comprehensive review of COVID-19 transmission via respiratory droplets was conducted by Carelli [13], Drossinos and Stilianakis [14], Chen [15], and Chen et al [16]. Sun and Zhai [17] analyzed the infection probabilities of COVID-19 via large respiratory droplets and recognized 1.6−3.0 m as a safe social distance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jet Fans in the Underground Car Parks and Virus Transmission 

Nazari

Jafari

Rezaei

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Jet fans are increasingly preferred over traditional ducted systems as a means of ventilating pollutants from large spaces such as underground car parks. The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) -which causes novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)- through the jet fans in the underground car parks has been considered a matter of key concern. A quantitative understanding of the propagation of respiratory droplets/particles/aerosols containing the virus is important. However, to date, studies are yet to demonstrate the viral (e.g. SARS-CoV-2) transmission in the underground car parks equipped with jet fans. In this paper, the numerical simulation has been performed to assess the eﬀects of jet fans on the spreading of viruses inside the underground car parks.

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Effects of ambient temperature and humidity on droplet lifetime – A perspective of exhalation sneeze droplets with COVID-19 virus transmission

Cited by 72 publications

References 11 publications

Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among women in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional study

Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among women in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional study

Modeling the load of SARS-CoV-2 virus in human expelled particles during coughing and speaking

Jet Fans in the Underground Car Parks and Virus Transmission

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Effects of ambient temperature and humidity on droplet lifetime – A perspective of exhalation sneeze droplets with COVID-19 virus transmission

Cited by 72 publications

References 11 publications

Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among women in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional study

Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among women in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional study

Modeling the load of SARS-CoV-2 virus in human expelled particles during coughing and speaking

Jet Fans in the Underground Car Parks and Virus Transmission&nbsp;

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Jet Fans in the Underground Car Parks and Virus Transmission