Effects of an ad libitum low-glycemic load diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese young adults

Ebbeling, Cara B.; Leidig, Michael; Sinclair, Kelly B.; Seger-Shippee, Linda G; Feldman, Henry A.; Ludwig, David S.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.5.976

Cited by 189 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Dietary GL was associated with total stroke in women and hemorrhagic stroke in men (Oh et al, 2005;Levitan et al, 2007a). In controlled feeding studies, diets high in GI and GL have been shown to have adverse effects on total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and C-reactive protein, and among people with diabetes glycosylated hemoglobin (Bouche et al, 2002;Ludwig, 2002;Brand-Miller et al, 2003;Pereira et al, 2004;Sloth et al, 2004;Ebbeling et al, 2005;McMillan-Price et al, 2006). Similar associations have been observed in crosssectional studies of self-reported diet (Frost et al, 1999;Ford and Liu, 2001;Liu et al, 2001Liu et al, , 2002Amano et al, 2004;McKeown et al, 2004;Slyper et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load and mortality among men with established cardiovascular disease

2007

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Background/objectives: In men with established cardiovascular disease, the effect of diets with high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that diets with higher GI and GL are associated with increased mortality in men with established cardiovascular disease. Subjects/methods: We measured dietary GI and GL using food-frequency questionnaires in 4617 men, 45-79 years old, with a history of cardiovascular disease. The men were followed for cardiovascular mortality (6-year follow-up, 608 cases) and all-cause mortality (8-year follow-up, 1303 cases) using the Swedish cause-of-death and death registers. We used Cox models with age as the timescale and adjusted for body mass index, physical activity, history of hypertension and diabetes, family history of myocardial infarction, aspirin use, cigarette smoking and dietary factors to estimate incidence rate ratios (RRs). Results: Comparing top to bottom quartiles of dietary GI, the RR for cardiovascular mortality was 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-1.10, P for linear trend ¼ 0.21), and the RR for all-cause mortality was 1.00 (95% CI 0.85-1.19, P for linear trend ¼ 0.87). Compared to quartile 1, the RR for men with dietary GL in quartile 4 was 1.02 (95% CI 0.70-1.49, P for linear trend ¼ 0.81) for cardiovascular and 1.15 (95% CI 0.89-1.49, P for linear trend ¼ 0.20) for all-cause mortality. Conclusions: In this population of men with prior cardiovascular disease, dietary GI and GL were not associated with cardiovascular or all-cause mortality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load and mortality among men with established cardiovascular disease

2007

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“…9 This may also explain why other studies reported associations between dietary GI and body composition mainly among overweight and less insulin-sensitive persons. 8,9 Conversely, we had expected to find at least a tendency for a comparable relation between dietary GL and body composition, as dietary GL has recently been identified as the best indirect predictor of the postprandial insulin response. 36 However, although the main contribution to the insulin responses arises from carbohydrate-rich foods, Bao et al 36 reported dietary GL to explain only 46% of the observed variability in insulin responses, that is, foods with little or no carbohydrates and a higher protein and fat content make additional important contributions.…”

Section: 9mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 --4 However, similar associations have not been observed among healthy children and adolescents 5,6 or overweight Latino adolescents. 7 Intervention studies in overweight and obese adults suggest a specific efficacy of low-GI weight-loss diets 8,9 for persons with already increased insulin secretion levels. 9 Puberty is a so-called 'critical period' for overweight development, which is characterized by physiological insulin resistance and changes in levels of various hormones, including insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, growth hormones as well as sex steroids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective associations of dietary insulin demand, glycemic index, and glycemic load during puberty with body composition in young adulthood

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND: Puberty is a so-called critical period for overweight development and is characterized by physiological insulin resistance during mid-puberty. This study addressed the hypothesis that habitual consumption of a diet inducing higher levels of postprandial glycemia or insulinemia during puberty may have an unfavorable effect on the body composition in young adulthood. METHODS: Multivariate regression analysis was performed on 262 participants of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study with at least two 3-day weighed dietary records during puberty (baseline: girls 9 --14 years; boys 10 --15 years) and anthropometric measurements in young adulthood (18 --25 years). A published dietary glycemic index was assigned to each carbohydrate-containing food. Similarly, each food was assigned a food insulin index (insulinemic response to a 1 MJ portion of food relative to 1 MJ of glucose) using 121 values measured at Sydney University. RESULTS: Dietary glycemic index or glycemic load during puberty was not related to body composition in young adulthood. In contrast, a higher dietary insulin index and a higher dietary insulin load during puberty were associated with higher levels of percentage of body fat (%BF) in young adulthood, even after adjustment for early life, socioeconomic and nutritional factors; %BF in energy-adjusted tertiles of dietary insulin index were 22.9 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 21.6, 24.1), 24.5 (23.2, 25.7), 24.7 (23.5, 25.9) %, P for trend ¼ 0.01; %BF in energy-adjusted tertiles of dietary insulin load were 22.8 (95% CI: 21.5, 24.0), 24.5 (23.2, 25.7), 24.8 (23.6, 26.0) %, P for trend ¼ 0.01. Adjustment for baseline %BF attenuated these relationships (P for trend ¼ 0.1 and ¼ 0.08, respectively). Dietary insulin demand was not related to body mass index. CONCLUSION: This study suggests a prospective adverse influence of dietary insulin demand during puberty on %BF in young adulthood. Postprandial increases in insulinemia rather than increases in glycemia appear to be implicated in an unfavorable development of body composition.

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“…2 Comparisons between baseline and 30 days after HGI diet. 3 Comparisons between baseline and 30 days after LGI diet. 4 Comparisons between baseline values (HGI x LGI diet).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low GI diets may decrease concentrations of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, especially ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (3,7,9). However, there is no consensus among authors regarding these effects (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low glycemic index diet reduces body fat and attenuates inflammatory and metabolic responses in patients with type 2 diabetes

Gomes

Fabrini

Alfenas

2017

Arch. Endocrinol. Metab.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the effects of glycemic index (GI) on body composition, and on inflammatory and metabolic markers concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. Subjects and methods: In this randomized controlled parallel trial, twenty subjects (aged 42.4 ± 5.1 years, BMI 29.2 ± 4.8 kg.m -2 ) were allocated to low GI (LGI) (n = 10) or high GI (HGI) (n = 10) groups. Body composition, inflammatory and metabolic markers were assessed at baseline and after 30 days of intervention. Food intake was monitored during the study using three-day food records completed on two non-consecutive weekdays and on a weekend day. Results: Body fat reduced after the LGI intervention compared with baseline (P = 0.043) and with the HGI group (P = 0.036). Serum fructosamine concentration (P = 0.031) and TNF-α mRNA expression (P = 0.05) increased in the HGI group. Serum non-esterified fatty acids were greater in the HGI than in the LGI group (P = 0.032). IL-6 mRNA expression tended to decrease after the consumption of the LGI diet compared to baseline (P = 0.06). Conclusion: The LGI diet reduced body fat and prevented the negative metabolic and inflammatory responses induced by the HGI diet. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2017;61(2):137-44.

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Effects of an ad libitum low-glycemic load diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese young adults

Cited by 189 publications

References 52 publications

Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load and mortality among men with established cardiovascular disease

Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load and mortality among men with established cardiovascular disease

Prospective associations of dietary insulin demand, glycemic index, and glycemic load during puberty with body composition in young adulthood

Low glycemic index diet reduces body fat and attenuates inflammatory and metabolic responses in patients with type 2 diabetes

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