Effects of Anesthesia on Ozone-Induced Lung and Systemic Inflammation

Abstract

Purpose Anesthetics are required for procedures that deliver drugs/biologics, infectious/inflammatory agents, and toxicants directly to the lungs. However, the possible confounding effects of anesthesia on lung inflammation and injury are underreported. Here, we evaluated the effects of two commonly used anesthetic regimens on lung inflammatory responses to ozone in mice. Methods We tested the effects of brief isoflurane (Iso) or ketamine/xylazine/atipamezole (K/X/A) anesthesia prior to ozone exposure (4 h, 3 ppm) on lung inflammatory responses in mice. Anesthesia regimens modeled those used for non-surgical intratracheal instillations and were administered 1–2 h or 24 h prior to initiating ozone exposure. Results We found that Iso given 1–2 h prior to ozone inhibited inflammatory responses in the lung, and this effect was absent when Iso was given 23–24 h prior to ozone. In contrast, K/X/A given 1–2 h prior to ozone increased lung and systemic inflammation. Conclusion Our results highlight the need to comprehensively evaluate anesthesia as an experimental variable in the assessment of lung inflammation in response to ozone and other inflammatory stimuli.

A Case Report on Pneumocephalus That Occurred Following an Epidural Ozone Injection During Percutaneous Lumbar Disc Decompression Surgery

“…Nevertheless, the pre-exposure administration of a combination of ketamine, xylazine, and atipamezole can exacerbate both pulmonary and systemic inflammation. Consequently, the selection of an anesthetic can have a substantial effect on a patient's reaction to ozone therapy (31). The interaction between anesthesia and ozone therapy can also result in unique complications, making a comprehensive understanding of these factors crucial for patient care.…”

LUNG Year in Review: 2022

“…We remain eager to increase publication of high-quality manuscripts in the fields of Critical Care and Pediatric Pulmonology, and invite prospective authors to submit their work for consideration. Studies examining issues in critical illness included intravascular volume management in acute pulmonary embolism [ 68 ]; liver transplantation [ 69 ]; non-invasive ventilation [ 70 , 71 ]; pulmonary effects of anesthesia [ 72 ]; and, a preclinical examination of acute lung injury [ 67 ]. Investigations of pediatric populations included topics such as management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia [ 73 ], interstitial lung disease [ 46 ] and asthma [ 17 ].…”