Effects of Anisometropia on Binocularity

Tomaç, Sühan; Birdal, Esmahan

doi:10.3928/0191-3913-20010101-09

Cited by 48 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The difference in inter-eye HVA≥0.2 logMAR indicated a higher risk of anisometropia. Previous studies also have shown that the severity of anisometropia was positively correlated with visual impairment ( 16 , 17 ). Retinal image blur and unequal images caused by anisometropia were the main reasons affecting stereoscopic vision ( 17 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Prevalence of anisometropia and associated factors in Shandong school-aged children

Zihang

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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ObjectiveTo investigate anisometropia's prevalence and associated factors in school-aged children.MethodsA cross-sectional school-based study was conducted in Shandong Province, China, including children aged 4 to 17 from 9 schools. Anisometropia was defined as the differences between the two eyes in spherical equivalent (SE) or cylinder degree of 1.00 diopter (D) or more [SE or cylindrical (CYL) difference ≥ 1.00 D] after cycloplegic autorefraction. The Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was used to analyze the effects of ocular parameters [the differences between eyes in axial length (AL), habitual visual acuity (HVA), and corneal astigmatism (CA)] and lifestyle parameters (time spent indoor near work and outdoor activities) on anisometropia.ResultsTotal 4,198 (93.4%) of the 4,494 children were included in the statistical analysis. The mean difference in inter-eye SE was 0.42 ± 0.61 D. The prevalence of anisometropia was 13.2% (95%CI: 12.1 to 14.2%) (SE anisometropia's prevalence:10.3%; CYL anisometropia's prevalence: 4.1%), increased with older age (OR = 1.10, P = 0.002), the worse myopic eye (myopia vs. premyopia, OR = 1.87, P = 0.002), the worse hyperopic eye (hyperopia vs. premyopia, OR = 1.77, P = 0.013), larger difference in inter-eye AL (0.1–0.3 vs. ≤ 0.1, OR = 1.67, P = 0.008; >0.3 vs. ≤ 0.1, OR = 28.61, P < 0.001), HVA (>0.2 vs. ≤ 0.2, OR = 3.01, P < 0.001), CA (OR = 6.24, P < 0.001), the worse stereoacuity (>100 vs. ≤ 100, OR = 1.59, P = 0.001), longer indoor near work time per day on weekends (4–8 vs. <4, OR = 1.41, P = 0.038; ≥8 vs. <4, OR = 1.40, P = 0.131), and shorter outdoor activity time per day on weekdays (≥1 vs. <1, OR = 0.75, P = 0.046) in multivariable analysis. In the SE anisometropia group, the difference in inter-eye AL (>0.3 vs. ≤ 0.1, β: 0.556, 95%CI: 0.050 to 1.063), HVA (>0.2 vs. ≤ 0.2, β: 0.511, 95%CI: 0.312 to 0.710), and CA (β: 0.488, 95%CI: 0.289 to 0.688), stereoacuity (>100 vs. ≤ 100, β: 0.299, 95%CI: 0.110 to 0.488) had a positive impact on the difference in inter-eye SE.ConclusionsOcular parameters and lifestyle parameters are associated with the occurrence of anisometropia in children aged 4 to 17 years, including the difference in inter-eye AL, HVA, CA, stereoacuity, indoor near work time, and outdoor activity time. Preventing myopia and early treating anisometropic amblyopia may be effective ways to reduce the prevalence of anisometropia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Prevalence of anisometropia and associated factors in Shandong school-aged children

Zihang

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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“…Anisometropia is defined as unequal diopters of the two eyes. In severe cases, anisometropia may affect binocular vision ( 36 ), and the incidence of anisometropia increases with age ( 37 ). Therefore, early intervention of anisometropia (especially myopic anisometropia) in children and adolescents is very important to prevent and control myopia and improve binocular visual.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Myopia Development Among Primary and Secondary School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

Zhong

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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ObjectivesTo evaluate myopia development among primary and secondary school students during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the development of myopia among students in Shenzhen, China during the COVID-19 outbreak.ResultsThe study included 1,472,957 and 1,573,824 students in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The prevalence of myopia was 46.9 and 50.5% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The prevalence of myopia among students in the former Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) was higher than that in areas outside the former Shenzhen SEZ (2019: 47.0 vs. 43.7%; 2020: 50.5 vs. 47.3%). The prevalence of myopia among girls was higher than that among boys (2019: 50.4 vs. 44.0%; 2020: 54.0 vs. 47.6%). The 50th percentile (P50) of spherical equivalent refraction (SER) in the right eye among girls was lower than that in boys. The prevalence of myopia continued to increase as the grade increased, with the greatest annual increase observed in Grades 2–5 (3.4–3.9%). The P50 of SER in the right eye of students decreased as the grade increased.ConclusionsThe prevalence of myopia among students increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in primary school Grades 2–5.

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“…Amount of refractive error also influence the stereopsis among the subjects and worsening of vision also deteriorates the stereopsis and patients response towards the Titmus and TNO is compared which confirms that TNO is suggested as the more reliable method for testing stereopsis in myopic anisometropes and clinically more significant. Likewise, it has been found in the study that anisometropia has adverse effects on stereopsis 18 . The results of this study completely agree to the results of our study and also making good reasoning that we choose spherical refractive error to study upon 19 .This study provides better understanding of association between stereopsis and anisometropia and how age affects the stereopsis and the degree of anisometropia among the population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Comparison of the Efficacy of TNO and Titmus Fly in Myopic Anisometropes

Kiran¹,

Rashid²,

Siddique³

et al. 2022

PJMHS

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Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the stereo acuity in anisometropic myopes and to compare efficacy of TNO and Titmus fly test. Methodology: The cross sectional study design was carried out from September 2021 to May 2022 at eye departments of different teaching hospitals of Punjab. A total study sample of 150 subjects age range between 11-33 years of both gender (male and female) having myopic anisometropia (with moderate and severe degree of anisometopia) were included in this study. All other types of refractive error except myopic anisometropes, all ocular pathologies and systemic pathologies were excluded from the study. After taking informed consent from the individual’s subject to undergo routine ophthalmological examinations, including slit lamp examination of the inner and posterior chamber of the eye and best corrected visual acuity of both eyes (BCVA). Steroacuity test TNO and Titmus were performed to evaluate the stereopsis of myopic anisometropes. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 20. Independent sample t test was used for statistically analysis. Results: Results showed that stereopsis gets reduced by myopic anisometropia. As the level of anisometropia increase from 1D and above, the stereopsis deteriorates in case of myopic anisometropia Conclusion: TNO is considered more reliable as compared to Titmus fly test as the level of difficulty is more in TNO and is independent of monocular clues. Keywords: Depth perception, Myopic anisometropes, TNO test, Titmus stereoacuity test.

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Effects of Anisometropia on Binocularity

Cited by 48 publications

References 21 publications

Prevalence of anisometropia and associated factors in Shandong school-aged children

Prevalence of anisometropia and associated factors in Shandong school-aged children

Trends in Myopia Development Among Primary and Secondary School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

Comparison of the Efficacy of TNO and Titmus Fly in Myopic Anisometropes

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