Fetal human lung fibroblasts and feline lung epithelial cells were exposed to either a surfactant or N-acetylcysteine in various concentrations for 24-48 hours, after which the hyaluronan concentration in the culture medium was determined. Most of the experiments showed no stimulatory effect of either artificial or natural surfactant on hyaluronan synthesis. N-acetylcysteine 5-1 00 mg/mL induced progressive stimulation of hyaluronan synthesis by human fetal lung fibroblasts, resulting in a maximum hyaluronan concentration six times that released by unexposed cells. A slight increase in hyaluronan synthesis was also observed after exposure of feline fetal lung epithelial cells to N-acetylcysteine 50-1 00 pg/mL.