Effects of Arm Swing Exercise Program on HbA1c and Nutritional Status in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Community

Predicting diabetic self-care management based on the theory of planned behavior among elderly with type 2 diabetes in Thailand

“…The types of exercise should be easy and appropriate for elderly -such as arm swing exercises, small and short step exercises and mild to moderate intensity aerobic exercises [16,19]. Drug adherence; in contrast to other studies, the results obtained reported high medication adherence over previous studies showing the rate of non-adherence to the treatment prescription being high as compared to other studies that reported moderate adherence levels to medication [17,20]. Similar findings reported that suboptimal medication adherence leads to negative consequences, such as suboptimal metabolic control, increased risk of diabetes complications and hospitalizations, and additional healthcare expenditures [14].…”

“…Concern by family members support strong predicting with behavioral control for patients to perform self-care behaviors (these variables explained 30% of the common variance). It is important for the health care provider to assess sources of social support and integrate the results of this assessment to ensure the empowerment of the patient during diabetes education [18,20].…”

“…The study data presented obstacles such as poor ability of elderly patients and lack of education by caregivers to conduct accurate glucose monitoring. Unrealistic perceptions of cost of test strips and needles, lack of basic knowledge due to the absence of diabetes selfmanagement educational programs [15,20]. Not only absence of education but also lack in skills to perform, lack of home health care provider support, fear of testing and associated pain and preference for traditional medicine overwhelmed the sample group [19].…”

Effects of Modified Arm Swing Exercise Program on Capillary Plasma Glucose and Body Composition in People with Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes

“…24 The results in this study were contrasted to a previous study using TASE finding a significant decrease in HbA1C and BMI. 13,14 Possibly, the participants in both studies had more activities and lower BMI than participants in this study. However, this study was congruent with a study revealed that MASE 30 mins, 6 day/week for 12-week in people with metabolic syndrome could not significantly reduce fat mass and BMI.…”

“…10,11 The traditional arm swing exercise (TASE) has shown several advantages in numerous previous studies including reduced HbA1c level, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and stress. [12][13][14][15] However, the TASE focuses on the upper part of the body. It should be more beneficial if researchers modify TASE to a modified arm swing exercise (MASE) using the lower part of the body simultaneously and it has been claimed that this stimulates lymph nodes leading to an increase in cytokine affecting insulin activity.…”