Effects of atypical neuroleptics on alertness and visual orienting in stabilized schizophrenic patients: a preliminary study

Daban, Claire; Krebs, Marie‐Odile; Bourdel, Marie‐Chantal; Willard, Dominique; Lôo, Henri; Poirier, Marie-France; Amado, Isabelle

doi:10.1017/s1461145704004250

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Late attention indicators also depended heavily on having the individual focus on task-relevant external spatial reference frames, an ability that has been compromised in patients with schizophrenia (Dreben et al, 1995; Parnas et al, 2001; Johnson et al, 2005; Cavezian et al, 2007; Coleman et al, 2009; Landgraf et al, 2011b). In fact, patients with chronic schizophrenia have been found to display a deficit in the disengagement and reorientation of attention (Posner et al, 1988; Daban et al, 2004; Gouzoulis-Mayfrank et al, 2007; Kebir et al, 2008, 2010) even without medication (Amado et al, 2009). Hence, the interaction between bottom-up and top-down processes may provide insight into the immunity against psychosis that blind individuals appear to have (see the Protective Mechanism “Cognition” in Table 1).…”

Section: The Blindness Perspective On Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“To see or not to see: that is the question.” The “Protection-Against-Schizophrenia” (PaSZ) model: evidence from congenital blindness and visuo-cognitive aberrations

Landgraf¹,

Osterheider²

2013

Front. Psychol.

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The causes of schizophrenia are still unknown. For the last 100 years, though, both “absent” and “perfect” vision have been associated with a lower risk for schizophrenia. Hence, vision itself and aberrations in visual functioning may be fundamental to the development and etiological explanations of the disorder. In this paper, we present the “Protection-Against-Schizophrenia” (PaSZ) model, which grades the risk for developing schizophrenia as a function of an individual's visual capacity. We review two vision perspectives: (1) “Absent” vision or how congenital blindness contributes to PaSZ and (2) “perfect” vision or how aberrations in visual functioning are associated with psychosis. First, we illustrate that, although congenitally blind and sighted individuals acquire similar world representations, blind individuals compensate for behavioral shortcomings through neurofunctional and multisensory reorganization. These reorganizations may indicate etiological explanations for their PaSZ. Second, we demonstrate that visuo-cognitive impairments are fundamental for the development of schizophrenia. Deteriorated visual information acquisition and processing contribute to higher-order cognitive dysfunctions and subsequently to schizophrenic symptoms. Finally, we provide different specific therapeutic recommendations for individuals who suffer from visual impairments (who never developed “normal” vision) and individuals who suffer from visual deterioration (who previously had “normal” visual skills). Rather than categorizing individuals as “normal” and “mentally disordered,” the PaSZ model uses a continuous scale to represent psychiatrically relevant human behavior. This not only provides a scientific basis for more fine-grained diagnostic assessments, earlier detection, and more appropriate therapeutic assignments, but it also outlines a trajectory for unraveling the causes of abnormal psychotic human self- and world-perception.

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Section: The Blindness Perspective On Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“To see or not to see: that is the question.” The “Protection-Against-Schizophrenia” (PaSZ) model: evidence from congenital blindness and visuo-cognitive aberrations

Landgraf¹,

Osterheider²

2013

Front. Psychol.

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“…However, this conclusion seems far from conclusive. For instance, it is true that both Posner et al (9) and Daban et al (59) reported that patients with schizophrenia failed to show IOR without cue-back [also see Ref. (19, 60)].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the Inhibition of Return of Attention: Reduced Habituation to Threatening Faces in Schizophrenia

Fan

et al. 2014

Front. Psychiatry

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Attention deficits are prominent among the core symptoms of schizophrenia. A recent meta-analysis has suggested that patients with schizophrenia have a deficit in endogenous disengagement of attention. In this research, we used a standard spatial cueing paradigm to examine whether the attention deficit of such patients is due to impaired attentional disengagement or defective novelty detection/habituation processes. In a spatial cueing procedure with peripheral non-predictive cues and a detection task, we manipulated the valence of either the cue or the target (i.e., a threatening vs. scrambled face) in two separate experiments. The control group exhibited a smaller inhibition of return (IOR) effect only when the target had an emotional load, not when the cue had an emotional load. In the patient group, a larger emotional effect appeared when the threatening face was the target; by contrast, no effect of valence was observed when the threatening face was the cue: IOR was delayed or completely absent independently of valence. The present findings are in conflict with the hypothesis that IOR is due to the disengagement of attention and the subsequent inhibition to return. Instead, they seem to suggest a cost in detecting new information at a previously cued location. From this perspective, it seems that patients with schizophrenia might have a deficit in detecting new information and considering it as new in the current context.

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“…However, the exact nature of these orienting deficits remains a topic of debate. As previously discussed, theories of specific left hemisphere deficits in SP have proven challenging to replicate (Daban, Krebs, 2004, Gold, Randolph, 1992, Liotti, Dazzi, 1993), and not all studies report disengagement effects (Sapir, Henik, 2001). A recent study (Kebir, Ben Azouz, 2010) demonstrated that SP eventually exhibit IOR at extended delays (SOA between 700 and 800 ms), suggesting that orienting deficits are more characteristic of a delay in IOR rather than a diminished/absent IOR response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At shorter SOAs, patients with schizophrenia exhibited increased costs (longer reaction times) associated with right visual field stimuli (Carter et al, 1992, Maruff et al, 1995a, Posner et al, 1988, Sapir et al, 2001, Wigal et al, 1997), which was interpreted as indicating left hemisphere deficits in SP. However, other studies were unable to replicate this specific left hemisphere pathology (Daban et al, 2004, Gold et al, 1992, Liotti et al, 1993). Instead, the most consistent finding has been diminished (Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, Balke, 2007, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank et al, 2004), delayed (Kebir et al, 2010, Larrison-Faucher et al, 2002), or “profoundly disturbed” (Gouzoulis-Mayfrank et al, 2006a) IOR in SP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Auditory orienting and inhibition of return in schizophrenia: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Abbott

Merideth

Ruhl

et al. 2012

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

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Patients with schizophrenia (SP) exhibit deficits in both attentional reorienting and inhibition of return (IOR) during visual tasks. However, it is currently unknown whether these deficits are supramodal in nature and how these deficits relate to other domains of cognitive dysfunction. In addition, the neuronal correlates of this pathological orienting response have not been investigated in either the visual or auditory modality. Therefore, thirty SP and 30 healthy controls (HC) were evaluated with an extensive clinical protocol and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during an auditory cuing paradigm. SP exhibited both increased costs and delayed IOR during auditory orienting, suggesting a prolonged interval for attentional disengagement from cued locations. Moreover, a delay in the development of IOR was associated with cognitive deficits on formal neuropsychological testing in the domains of attention/inhibition and working memory. Event-related fMRI showed the characteristic activation of a frontoparietal network (invalid trials > valid trials), but there were no differences in functional activation between patients and HC during either attentional reorienting or IOR. Current results suggest that orienting deficits are supramodal in nature in SP, and are related to higher-order cognitive deficits that directly interfere with day-to-day functioning.

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Effects of atypical neuroleptics on alertness and visual orienting in stabilized schizophrenic patients: a preliminary study

Cited by 16 publications

References 37 publications

“To see or not to see: that is the question.” The “Protection-Against-Schizophrenia” (PaSZ) model: evidence from congenital blindness and visuo-cognitive aberrations

“To see or not to see: that is the question.” The “Protection-Against-Schizophrenia” (PaSZ) model: evidence from congenital blindness and visuo-cognitive aberrations

Beyond the Inhibition of Return of Attention: Reduced Habituation to Threatening Faces in Schizophrenia

Auditory orienting and inhibition of return in schizophrenia: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

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