Effects of Birth Order and Maternal Age on Breast Cancer Risk

Nichols, Hazel B.; Trentham‐Dietz, Amy; Sprague, Brian L.; Hampton, John M.; Titus-Ernstoff, Linda; Newcomb, Polly A.

doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31816a1cff

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Milk-formula fed girls had greater mean ovarian volumes and a greater number of follicles per cyst per ovary than breast-fed girls, while milk formula-fed boys had lower mean testicular volumes than breastfed boys (Gilchrist et al 2010). Other studies examining the effects of breastfeeding on long-term reproductive health have found that exposure to breast milk in infancy is associated with later age at menarche (Ong et al 2009), lower estrogen and testosterone levels in adulthood (Laustsen et al 2011), and slightly lower breast cancer risk in adulthood (Borgert et al 2003; Nichols et al 2008). While the mechanisms linking breastfeeding to later reproductive outcomes remain to be elucidated, our results suggest that breastfeeding is associated with lower endogenous estrogen production in girls and boys, but higher testosterone production in boys during infancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal and postnatal energetic conditions and sex steroids levels across the first year of life

Thompson

Lampl

2013

American J Hum Biol

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Objectives Human biologists have documented variability in reproductive maturation, fertility, and cancer risk related to developmental conditions. Yet no previous studies have directly examined the impact of pre- and post-natal energetic environments on sex steroids in infancy, a critical period for hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis development. Thus, we examined the impact of maternal characteristics, birth size, and feeding practices on fecal sex steroid production in a longitudinal sample of 31 American infants followed from 2 weeks to 12 months of age. Methods Maternal characteristics and birth size were collected at study enrollment, infant diet was assessed through weekly 24-hr food diaries, and anthropometrics were measured weekly. Fecal estradiol and testosterone levels were assessed weekly using validated microassay RIA techniques. Mixed models were used to test for associations between maternal and birth characteristics, feeding practices, and sex steroids across the first year of life. Formal mediation analysis examined whether the relationship between infant feeding and hormone levels was mediated by infant size. Results Maternal and birth characteristics had persistent effects on fecal sex steroid levels, with taller maternal height and larger birth size associated with lower estradiol levels in girls and higher testosterone levels in boys. Infant diet was also associated with sex steroid levels independently of infant size. Formula feeding was associated with higher estradiol levels in boys and girls and with higher testosterone in girls. Conclusion These results suggest that markers of early energy availability influence sex hormone levels with potential long-term consequences for reproductive development and function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal and postnatal energetic conditions and sex steroids levels across the first year of life

Thompson

Lampl

2013

American J Hum Biol

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“…The CBCS is a population based case-control study that was carried out in Wisconsin, Massachusetts (apart from metropolitan Boston), Maine and New Hampshire (16–18). Eligible case subjects were women identified by each state’s cancer registry with a new breast cancer diagnosis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Trends in Family History of Breast Cancer and Associated Risk

Shiyanbola

Arao

Miglioretti

et al. 2017

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background Increase in breast cancer incidence associated with mammography screening diffusion may have attenuated risk associations between family history and breast cancer. Methods The proportions of women aged 40–74 years reporting a first-degree family history of breast cancer were estimated in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium cohort (BCSC, N=1,170,900; 1996–2012) and the Collaborative Breast Cancer Study (CBCS; cases N=23,400; controls N=26,460; 1987–2007). Breast cancer (ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive) relative risk estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) associated with family history were calculated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard and logistic regression models. Results The proportion of women reporting a first-degree family history increased from 11% in the 1980s to 16% in 2010–13. Family history was associated with a >60% increased risk of breast cancer in the BCSC (hazard ratio=1.61;95%CI=1.55–1.66) and CBCS (odds ratio=1.64;95%CI=1.57–1.72). Relative risks decreased slightly with age. Consistent trends in relative risks were not observed over time or across stage of disease at diagnosis in both studies, except among older women (60–74) where estimates were attenuated from about 1.7 to 1.3 over the last 20 years (P-trend=0.08 for both studies). Conclusion Although the proportion of women with a first-degree family history of breast cancer increased over time and by age, breast cancer risk associations with family history were nonetheless fairly constant over time for women under age 60. Implication First-degree family history of breast cancer remains an important breast cancer risk factor, especially for younger women, despite its increasing prevalence in the mammography screening era.

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“…Although some studies including prospective studies have demonstrated no association [22-24, 26, 38, 39], four case-control studies have suggested a protective effect of being breastfed [19][20][21]25]. Some studies have also evaluated breast cancer risk in terms of menopausal status [19,25,26,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Some case-control studies showed a protective effect of being breastfed [19][20][21], whereas recent prospective studies reported no overall association [22][23][24]. With regard to menopausal status, a case-control study by Barba et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Being breastfed in infancy and adult breast cancer risk among Japanese women

Minami

Nishino

Kawai

et al. 2011

Cancer Causes Control

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Although having been breastfed is not related to overall risk, birth year may modify the association between having been breastfed in infancy and breast cancer risk. In Japan, sociodemographic changes have occurred since the end of World War II. The use of standard formula supplement began to spread around 1950. The difference of breast cancer risk between birth-year groups may be attributable to these environmental changes.

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Effects of Birth Order and Maternal Age on Breast Cancer Risk

Abstract: These findings suggest that early life risk factor associations for breast cancer may differ according to breast-feeding status in infancy.

Cited by 17 publications

References 68 publications

Prenatal and postnatal energetic conditions and sex steroids levels across the first year of life

Prenatal and postnatal energetic conditions and sex steroids levels across the first year of life

Emerging Trends in Family History of Breast Cancer and Associated Risk

Being breastfed in infancy and adult breast cancer risk among Japanese women

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