Effects of butyrate, avilamycin, and a plant extract combination on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs1

Manzanilla, Edgar García; Nofrarías, Miquel; Anguita, Montserrat; Castillo, M.; Pérez, Joan Negre; Martín‐Orúe, S. M.; Kamel, C.; Gasa, J.

doi:10.2527/jas.2005-509

Cited by 145 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…PEs have been reported by several authors to affect the immune system of the intestine. Nofrarías et al (2006) and Manzanilla et al (2006) found reduced counts of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the proximal jejunum after supplementation with carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and capsicum oleoresin. Sehm et al (2007), after administration of apple pomace or red-wine pomace, observed enlargement of the ileum and the incorporation of Peyer's patches.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Administration of a novel plant extract product via drinking water to post-weaning piglets: effects on performance and gut health

Bontempo

Jiang

Cheli

et al. 2014

Animal

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The present study evaluated the effects of a novel plant extract (PE) product (Grazix TM ) on the performance and gut health of weaned piglets challenged with Escherichia coli. The PE was a standardised mixture of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) and pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum) obtained by using the LiveXtract TM process. A total of 144 piglets were weaned at 24 days and allocated to 8 for a 35-day experiment with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design comparing different treatments (water without product (CT) or 8 μl/kg per day PE in drinking water (PE)), feeding regimens (ad libitum (AD) or restricted (RE)) and oral E. coli challenges on day 9 (sham (− ) or infected ( + )). There were six pens per group with three piglets per pen. On day 35, 24 of the RE feeding piglets were slaughtered. It was found that PE supplementation increased the average daily gain (ADG) from day 28 to day 35 ( P = 0.03) and increased the gain to feed ratio (G : F) from day 7 to day 14 ( P = 0.02). RE feeding led to lower feed intake in piglets during the 1 st week ( P < 0.01), 2 nd week ( P = 0.06), 3 rd week ( P = 0.05), and throughout the course of the overall study period ( P = 0.05). E. coli challenge decreased the ADG and G : F ratio from day 7 to day 14 ( P = 0.08 and < 0.01, respectively) and increased the faecal score (higher values indicate more severe diarrhoea) on days 14, 21, 28 and 35 ( P < 0.01). PE supplementation decreased the faecal score in the challenged piglets during the 1 st week post-challenge ( P < 0.01). E. coli challenge increased the faecal E. coli level on day 14 ( P = 0.03) and increased the Enterobacteriaceae level on day 35 ( P < 0.01). Reduced faecal E. coli was observed on days 14 and 35 ( P = 0.05 and 0.02, respectively), and reduced Enterobacteriaceae ( P < 0.01) was found on day 35 in the PE animals. RE feeding increased the faecal Lactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli levels on day 35 ( P = 0.02, < 0.01 and < 0.01, respectively). These results suggest that PE supplementation may improve the gut health status of post-weaning piglets and counteract some of the negative effects that occur when piglets are challenged with E. coli.Keywords: Escherichia coli, gut health, performance, piglet, plant extract ImplicationsThis study investigated the effects of a novel plant extract product that was added to the drinking water for weaned piglets. Different feeding regimens were tested, and the effects of the extract on growth performance, gut health and protection against Escherichia coli challenge were observed. The results showed that the plant extract may represent a useful additive for improving gut health and microbial ecology and reducing the severity of an E. coli challenge. The results may have a significant impact on nutritional management in conventional farms. Use of the plant extract could enable piglets to better withstand the infections that are often associated with weaning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Administration of a novel plant extract product via drinking water to post-weaning piglets: effects on performance and gut health

Bontempo

Jiang

Cheli

et al. 2014

Animal

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“…Most of the studies suggested that supplementation of plant extracts and essential oil blends does not improve performance of weaning pigs, regardless of whether carvacrol or thymol is contained or not (Namkung et al, 2004;Cho et al, 2006;Kommera et al, 2006;Manzanilla et al, 2006;Nofrarias et al, 2006). For example, the dietary supplementation with the plant extract containing 5% (w/w) carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde and 2% capsicum oleoresin at dose of 300 mg/kg does not affect the performance of weaning pigs Nofrarias et al, 2006).…”

Section: Figure 1 Population Of Enterococcus Genus (A) Escherichia Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

A carvacrol–thymol blend decreased intestinal oxidative stress and influenced selected microbes without changing the messenger RNA levels of tight junction proteins in jejunal mucosa of weaning piglets

Wei

Xue

Zhou

et al. 2017

Animal

115

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Recent studies indicate that intestinal oxidative stress and microbiota imbalance is involved in weaning-induced intestinal dysfunction in piglets. We have investigated the effect of feeding a carvacrol-thymol blend supplemented diet on intestinal redox status, selected microbial populations and the intestinal barrier in weaning piglets. The piglets (weaned at 21 days of age) were randomly allocated to two groups with six pens per treatment and 10 piglets per pen. At weaning day (21 days of age), six piglets were sacrificed before weaning to serve as the preweaning group. The weaned group was fed with a basal diet, while the weaned-CB group was fed with the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg carvacrol-thymol (1 : 1) blend for 14 days. On day 7 post-weaning, six piglets from each group were sacrificed to determine intestinal redox status, selected microbial populations, messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript levels of proinflammatory cytokines and biomarkers of intestinal barrier function. Weaning resulted in intestinal oxidative stress, indicated by the increased concentration of reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances present in the intestine. Weaning also reduced the population of Lactobacillus genus and increased the populations of Enterococcus genus and Escherichia coli in the jejunum, and increased mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 (IL-6). In addition, decreased mRNA levels of zonula occludens and occludin in the jejunal mucosa and increased plasma diamine oxidase concentrations indicated that weaning induced dysfunction of the intestinal barrier. On day 7 post-weaning, supplementation with the carvacrol-thymol blend restored weaning-induced intestinal oxidative stress. Compared with the weaned group, the weaned-CB group had an increased population of Lactobacillus genus but reduced populations of Enterococcus genus and E. coli in the jejunum and decreased mRNA levels of TNF-α. The results indicated that weaning induced intestinal oxidative stress and dysfunction of the intestinal barrier. Dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg carvacrol-thymol (1 : 1) decreased the intestinal oxidative stress and influenced selected microbial populations without changing the biomarkers of intestinal barrier in weaning piglets.

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“…In piglets fed a butyrate-supplemented diet, the number of colonic goblet cells was significantly increased (94) . In milk-fed calves, butyrate enhanced HSP27 and HSP70 expression in the abomasum and in the colon, but not in the small intestine (8) .…”

Section: Beneficial Effects On Performance and Intestinal Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the small intestine, the crypt depth and the villi height increase largely in butyrate-supplemented weaning or weaned pigs (94,117) . Interestingly, when infused in the colon, butyrate was shown to exert trophic effect on ileal and jejunal epithelial cells, presumably indirectly, through a neurohormonal mechanism (114,115) .…”

Section: Cell Proliferationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, included at a low dose in the diet (0·3 % of DM), butyrate disappears from the upper GIT (mainly in the stomach). It is thought to be metabolised in the GIT wall because it is not found in blood (8,94) . Nevertheless, when ingested with the diet, in specific conditions, butyrate would be measurable in peripheral blood (95) and seems to be able to act on peripheral organs (skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue, liver, etc).…”

Section: Energy Source For Colonocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From the gut to the peripheral tissues: the multiple effects of butyrate

et al. 2010

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Butyrate is a natural substance present in biological liquids and tissues. The present paper aims to give an update on the biological role of butyrate in mammals, when it is naturally produced by the gastrointestinal microbiota or orally ingested as a feed additive. Recent data concerning butyrate production delivery as well as absorption by the colonocytes are reported. Butyrate cannot be detected in the peripheral blood, which indicates fast metabolism in the gut wall and/or in the liver. In physiological conditions, the increase in performance in animals could be explained by the increased nutrient digestibility, the stimulation of the digestive enzyme secretions, a modification of intestinal luminal microbiota and an improvement of the epithelial integrity and defence systems. In the digestive tract, butyrate can act directly (upper gastrointestinal tract or hindgut) or indirectly (small intestine) on tissue development and repair. Direct trophic effects have been demonstrated mainly by cell proliferation studies, indicating a faster renewal of necrotic areas. Indirect actions of butyrate are believed to involve the hormono-neuro-immuno system. Butyrate has also been implicated in down-regulation of bacteria virulence, both by direct effects on virulence gene expression and by acting on cell proliferation of the host cells. In animal production, butyrate is a helpful feed additive, especially when ingested soon after birth, as it enhances performance and controls gut health disorders caused by bacterial pathogens. Such effects could be considered for new applications in human nutrition

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Effects of butyrate, avilamycin, and a plant extract combination on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs1

Cited by 145 publications

References 36 publications

Administration of a novel plant extract product via drinking water to post-weaning piglets: effects on performance and gut health

Administration of a novel plant extract product via drinking water to post-weaning piglets: effects on performance and gut health

A carvacrol–thymol blend decreased intestinal oxidative stress and influenced selected microbes without changing the messenger RNA levels of tight junction proteins in jejunal mucosa of weaning piglets

From the gut to the peripheral tissues: the multiple effects of butyrate

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