Effects of cabergoline and rotigotine on tacrine-induced tremulous jaw movements in rats

Pramipexole reduces parkinsonian tremor induced by pilocarpine infusion in the rat striatum

“…In accordance with our results, many previous studies have already reported that the various types of anti-parkinsonian drugs reduced TJMs induced by cholinomimetic drugs, including pilocarpine and tacrine (Correa et al, 2004;Cousins et al, 1997;Koganemaru et al, 2014;Mayorga et al, 1997;Miwa et al, 2008;Podurgiel et al, 2013;Simola et al, 2004). In the central nervous system, the main action site of such drugs has been suggested to be in the VLS (Mayorga et al, 1999b;Salamone et al, 1998;Simola et al, 2004); however, we cannot completely rule out the possible involvement of other brain areas, such as the substantia nigra pars reticulata, subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus, pedunculopontine region, motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, or medial striatum (Koganemaru et al, 2014;Miwa et al, 2009). Furthermore, systemic administration of cholinomimetic drugs might induce jaw and mouth movements via unintended effects on the salivary glands and gastrointestinal tract.…”

“…Activation of the cholinergic system or the suppression of the dopaminergic system can induce TJMs Betz et al, 2009;Mayorga et al, 1997;Steinpreis et al, 1993). On the other hand, various types of anti-parkinsonian drugs including dopamine (DA) agonists, L-DOPA, amantadine, muscarinic antagonists, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and adenosine A 2A antagonists, reduce the number of TJMs (Correa et al, 2004;Cousins et al, 1997;Koganemaru et al, 2014;Mayorga et al, 1997;Miwa et al, 2008;Podurgiel et al, 2013;Simola et al, 2004).…”

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“…Tacrine acts by reversibly binding and inactivating cholinesterases 10,11 . Thus, it inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine from cholinergic neurons and increases endogenous levels of neurotransmitter acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses 10,12 .…”

“…Thus, it inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine from cholinergic neurons and increases endogenous levels of neurotransmitter acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses 10,12 . Previous studies have shown that tacrine can stimulate muscarinic cholinergic receptors and triggers different movement of facial muscles like rapid and vertical deflection of lower jaw 10,11 . These deflections are purposelessly and are not encouraged by any motivation 12 .…”

“…These deflections are purposelessly and are not encouraged by any motivation 12 . TJMs are induced by conditions that lead to parkinsonism in humans and have been validated as a valuable model of parkinsonian tremor 10,13 .…”