Effects of Central Kalimantan Plant Extracts on Intraerythrocytic Babesia gibsoni in Culture

Abstract

ABSTRACT. The inhibitory effects of 45 plant extracts selected from Central Kalimantan, Indonesia on Babesia gibsoni in vitro and their acute toxicity to mice were evaluated. Of these plant extracts studied, Arcangelisia flava, Curcuma zedoaria, Garcinia benthamiana, Lansium domesticum and Peronema canescens were found to have appreciable antibabesial activity with IC 50 values from 5.3 to 49.3 µg/ml without acute toxicity in mice at the intraperitoneal dose of 0.7 g/kg of body weight.KEY WORDS: antibabesial activity, Babesia gibsoni, Central Kalimantan plant, toxicity.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 66(7): 871-874, 2004 Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of wild and domestic dogs caused by intraerythrocytic parasites, Babesia gibsoni and Babesia canis. The parasites are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide and cause hemolytic anemia of the affected dogs [2,5,22]. Diminazene aceturate (Ganazeg) is an aromatic diamidine used extensively for the treatment of B. gibsoni infection in affected areas of the world [5]. Although the medicine can reduce the severity of clinical signs and the mortality associated with the disease, it sometimes induces severe side effects such as weakness, irritability, paralysis, non-responsiveness to stimuli and fatal central nervous system haemorrhage [3]. Dogs that have recovered from the babesiosis also commonly become chronic carriers, thereby posing a source of infection for other dogs and ticks. Notably, production of this drug was recently stopped. Therefore, for the treatment of B. gibsoni infected dogs, an alternative chemotherapeutic agent having few side effects is urgently needed. One possible source of such affordable treatment lies in the use of plant extracts.Central Kalimantan, Indonesia is well known for its green tropical vegetation and peat swamp forests. Its diverse nature and uses are claimed to have medicinal properties. No data are available to assess the extent to which these plant extracts can be used for the treatment of B. gibsoni infected dogs. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the inhibitory effects of the Central Kalimantan plant extracts on the B. gibsoni in vitro and their acute toxicity to mice.Forty-five plants were collected from Central Kalimantan, Indonesia based on ethnopharmacological characteristics. These plants were identified at the Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia. Voucher specimens were deposited at the Department of Research and Development for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor. Each plant sample (10 g) was boiled for 30 min in 200 ml of water twice. The boiling water was freeze-dried and then ground into powder.To evaluate the antibabesial activity, the powder of plant extracts was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and further diluted with RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with sodium pyruvate (0.1 mg/ml), glutamine (0.3 mg/ml), sodium bicarbonate (2 mg/ml), penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 µg/ml). The final DMSO concentration was not more than 0.1%. B. gibsoni used in this stu...

In Vitro Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activities of a Sungkai (Peronema Canescens) Leaf Extract

“…50 The antiplasmodial activity of a natural product has to be balanced by low cytotoxicity. In the present study, an IC value of 43.8±3.5 μg/ml [14]. Other research has also indicated that aqueous extracts from various plants show antibacterial and antiplasmodial activity [8].…”

“…One previous study reported that a sungkai leaf extract showed in vivo antiplasmodial activity in Swiss mice [13]. Other studies published in 2004 and 2005 showed that sungkai leaf extracts had in vitro antibabesia activity [8,14].…”

Evaluation of the Inhibitory Activities of the Extracts of Indonesian Traditional Medicinal Plants against Plasmodium falciparum and Babesia gibsoni

“…Administration of the antiprotozoal drugs, such as diminazene diaceturate, pentamidine isethionate, and parvaquone decreases the mortality in dogs [5,6]; however, they sometimes induce severe side effects [13]. One possible source of affordable treatment lies in the use of plant extracts and medicinal plants for the treatment of dogs infected with B. gibsoni [10].…”

“…The combined water extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure and then freeze-dried into a powder. An aliquot of the sample (1 mg) was used for the antimalarial and antibabesial activity tests according to the reported methods [9][10][11]. The final concentration of each extract was 1 mg/ml for both assays.…”

Inhibitory effect of GB-2a (I3-naringenin-II8-eriodictyol) on melanogenesis

“…1) is one of the biflavonoids isolated from the leaves of Garcinia gardneriana (Botta et al, 1984). This compound is also found in other species such as Garcinia benthamiana, Garcinia brasiliensis, Garcinia madrunno (Botta et al, 1984), Rhus succedanea and Garcinia multiflora (Lin et al, 1997), which are associated with pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antibacterial and antiparasitic (Subeki et al, 2004;Verdi et al, 2004;Castardo et al, 2008;Otuki et al, 2011;Melo et al, 2014). GB-2a per se has shown anti-inflammatory activity in two different animal models and moderate in vitro antiviral activity (Castardo et al, 2008;Otuki et al, 2011;Lin et al, 1997).…”