Effects of clenbuterol enantiomers on growth of young male rats

Abstract

Clenbuterol (CB) is one of the β 2 -adrenergic receptor agonists with powerful muscle anabolic and lipolytic effects, and is prohibited as a doping drug for athletes. However, it is one of the candidate countermeasures for aging-related diseases. Previously we reported that CB induced muscular hypertrophy, but inhibited the longitudinal growth of bones in young male rats. However, the mechanism of the inhibitory effect on bone growth is not yet clear. CB is manufactured as a 1:1 racemic mixture of 2 isomers of (-)-R and (+)-S enantiomers, and only the (-)-R enantiomer may have pharmacological activity. We examined the effects of two CB enantiomers, (+)-S-CB and (-)-R-CB, on growth of striated muscle and bone in young male rats. Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (8-wk-old) were randomly assigned to a control (CONT, n = 6) and two CB enantiomers groups ((+)-S-CLEB: n=6, (-)-R-CLEB: n=6). Each CB enantiomer of 2 mg/kg body weight was daily administered subcutaneously for 2 weeks. After treatment, heart and the slow-twitch soleus (SOL) and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles and bones were analyzed. The muscle wet weights of SOL and EDL muscles significantly increased in (+)-S-CLEB (HEART: +28%, SOL: +25%, EDL: +28%) and (-)-R-CLEB (HEART: +27%, SOL: +29%, EDL: +35%). Both (+)-S-CB and (-)-R-CB induced striated muscle hypertrophy (heart, SOL, and EDL). Concerning bones, (+)-S-CB induced decreased tibia length (-1.2%) and decreased femur BMD (-5.8%), and (-)-R-CB induced decreased femur BMD (-8.2%). These results show that (+)-S-CB and (-)-R-CB might work differently at times.

Evaluation of R‐ (−) and S‐ (+) Clenbuterol enantiomers during a doping cycle or continuous ingestion of contaminated meat using chiral liquid chromatography by LC‐TQ‐MS

“…The difference in the enantiomeric relationship of the drug group could be explained by the biological activity of the enantiomers. It has been described that β‐agonists with chiral structures have different metabolism, being R‐(─) enantiomers more active than S‐(+) forms, which suggests that S‐(+) clenbuterol is less metabolized and excreted . It is possible that the drug metabolism is time– and concentration–dependent, leading to its disappearance in the last days (6 and 7 days) when the concentration of clenbuterol is low.…”

“…It has been described that β-agonists with chiral structures have different metabolism, being R-(─) enantiomers more active than S-(+) forms, which suggests that S-(+) clenbuterol is less metabolized and excreted. 30 It is possible that the drug metabolism is time-and concentration-dependent, leading to its disappearance in the last days (6 and 7 days) when the concentration of clenbuterol is low. In a previous work, the pharmacokinetics of clenbuterol enantiomers in rats after i.v.…”

Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis

“…The activity was monitored by measuring the tissue mass and determining the protein content. The results showed that both stereoisomers had the same anabolic activity, but (S)-(+)-clenbuterol exhibited a significant increase in the mass of the heart muscle [44].…”