Effects of climate change in European croplands and grasslands: productivity, greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon storage

Abstract

Abstract. Knowledge of the effects of climate change on agro-ecosystems is fundamental to identifying local actions aimed to maintain productivity and reduce environmental issues. This study investigates the effects of climate perturbation on the European crop and grassland production systems, combining the findings from two specific biogeochemical models. Accurate and high-resolution management and pedoclimatic data were employed. Results have been verified for the period 1978–2004 (historical period) and projected until 2099 with two divergent intensities: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate projections, Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5. We have provided a detailed overview of productivity and the impacts on management (sowing dates, water demand, nitrogen use efficiency). Biogenic greenhouse gas balance (N2O, CH4, CO2) was calculated, including an assessment of the gases' sensitivity to the leading drivers, and a net carbon budget on production systems was compiled. Results confirmed a rise in productivity in the first half of the century (+5 % for croplands at +0.2 t DM ha−1 yr−1, +1 % for grasslands at +0.1 t DM ha−1 yr−1; DM denotes dry matter), whereas a significant reduction in productivity is expected during the period 2050–2099, caused by the shortening of the length of the plant growing cycle associated with rising temperatures. This effect was more pronounced for the more pessimistic climate scenario (−6.1 % for croplands and −7.7 % for grasslands), for the Mediterranean regions and in central European latitudes, confirming a regionally distributed impact of climate change. Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions were triggered by rising air temperatures and increased exponentially over the century, often exceeding the CO2 accumulation of the explored agro-ecosystems, which acted as potential C sinks. The emission factor for N2O was 1.82 ± 0.07 % during the historical period and rose to up to 2.05 ± 0.11 % for both climate projections. The biomass removal (crop yield, residues exports, mowing and animal intake) converted croplands and grasslands into net C sources (236 ± 107 Tg CO2 eq. yr−1 in the historical period), increasing from 19 % to 26 % during the climate projections, especially for RCP4.5. Nonetheless, crop residue restitution might represent a potential management strategy to overturn the C balance. Although with a marked latitudinal gradient, water demand will double over the next few decades in the European croplands, whereas the benefit in terms of yield (+2 % to +10 % over the century) will not contribute substantially to balance the C losses due to climate perturbation.

Climate Change Risks for the Mediterranean Agri-Food Sector: The Case of Greece

“…Our findings are in agreement with those of recent research on climate change impacts on crops in southern Europe and north-eastern Mediterranean, regarding wheat [90][91][92][93][94], barley [91], maize [90,92], rice [95], vegetables [10,91,96], potatoes [97], olives [91,[98][99][100], vines [91,96,101,102], legumes [103], alfalfa [104,105], sunflower [106], fruit trees [107,108] and nut trees [109][110][111].…”

Climate change effects on northern Spanish grassland-based dairy livestock systems

“…Climate change associated changes in temperature and precipitation induce an increase in net GHG emissions, caused by SOC storage loss and CH 4 manure emissions increase (Table 2). This result is similar to Carozzi et al (2022) for European grasslands under similar climate change scenarios. Carozzi et al (2022) showed that on-CO 2 GHG emissions were triggered by rising air temperatures and increased exponentially over the century while exceeding the CO 2 accumulation.…”

“…This result is similar to Carozzi et al (2022) for European grasslands under similar climate change scenarios. Carozzi et al (2022) showed that on-CO 2 GHG emissions were triggered by rising air temperatures and increased exponentially over the century while exceeding the CO 2 accumulation. Graux et al (2012), evaluating French grasslandbased dairy systems under the IPCC special report emissions scenario (SRES) A2 forcing conditions, showed an increase in net GHG emissions in extensively managed grassland systems and a reduction in net GHG in intensively managed grassland systems (where SOM decomposition acceleration is compensated for by enhanced net primary production).…”

Does Climate Change and Energy Consumption Affect the Food Security of European Union Countries? Empirical Evidence from a Panel Study

“…However, this phenomenon allows northern European countries to enhance crop conditions [6,31]. A study by Carozzi et al [32] predicts a significant reduction in cereal productivity between 2050 and 2099 due to a reduction in the length of the crop-growing cycle associated with rising temperatures. This effect was more pronounced for the more pessimistic climate scenario (-13% for croplands and -7.7% for grasslands) and Mediterranean regions, confirming a regionally distributed impact of climate change.…”

“…The interconnections between environmental deterioration caused by CO₂ emissions and economic factors represent a significant area of research within the broader field of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) studies. The EKC hypothesis posits the existence of nonlinear relationships between socio-economic development and environmental CO₂ pollution [32][33][34]. In most studies, it has been observed that CO₂ emissions initially increase with economic growth but eventually decrease with increasing income levels of society.…”