Effects of closing date on seeding and hardseededness of balansa, gland, Persian and arrowleaf clovers on East Coast dryland

MacFarlane, Malcolm J.; Crofoot, E. W.; Muir, P. D.

doi:10.33584/jnzg.2015.77.461

Cited by 10 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…It research work, in a similar manner to lucerne. Sub clover Pennell (2000), Smetham (2003) and latterly Lucas et al (2015) and MacFarlane et al (2015), as an appropriate legume for summer dry, drought-prone regions totalling about 3-4 million ha of New Zealand. Sub clover is one of the earliest spring producing legumes and its growth pattern matches the feed demand of lactating ewes and can be used to complement lucerne in a farm systems (Brown et al 2006).…”

Section: Subterranean Clover (Trifolium Subterraneum)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the production of sub clover seed is an invasive process that raises environmental concerns when buried seed is excavated, and there are no specialist seed harvesters in New Zealand. Whether sub clover seed can be commercially produced in New In addition, many of the cultivars imported have an extremely high hardseed level and as a result have not been evaluated for their performance in New Zealand pasture systems (Lucas et al 2015;MacFarlane et al 2015) restricting the potential of this species.…”

Section: Subterranean Clover (Trifolium Subterraneum)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In New Zealand, balansa clover has been shown to persist through natural reseeding under grazing for 3-4 years before it requires resowing (Monks et al 2008), but it is currently a niche species with little current use in summer dry hill country areas (MacFarlane et al 2015). The value proposition for balansa clover requires further investigation of hardseededness and the ability to successfully integrate it into a wider range of hill country farm systems by modifying the resident vegetation.…”

Section: Balansa Clover (Trifolium Michelianum)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hardseeded cultivars such as 'Lightening' may have similar issues as arrowleaf clover for use on farm but the soft seeded 'Mihi' has been reported to germinate while still in the calyx (Nori et al 2015b) which means it may be lost due to a false strike (MacFarlane et al 2015). Again it is most likely to be serviced by a regionallybased seed company supplying a niche market.…”

Section: Persian Clover (Trifolium Resupinatum)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Availability of seed for hill country adapted forage legumes

Monk¹,

Moot²,

Belgrave³

et al. 2016

NZGA R&P Series

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New Zealand hill and high country are marginal environments for perennial ryegrass and white clover. Other pasture species, particularly legumes, provide more productive and persistent options for the range of soil climate and topography found in these environments. On cultivatable hill country, lucerne (alfalfa) has been successfully introduced to dryland areas with imported seed increasing five-fold to 210 t per annum over the last decade. This has led to the first release of a New Zealand selected cultivar in 20 years. For subterranean clover reliance on hardseeded Australian cultivars that frequently fail to meet New Zealand biosecurity standards means seed supply is inconsistent. The potential exists to create a niche seed market through selection of locally adapted material grown for seed in New Zealand. Lotus pedunculatus is available commercially but seed often fails to meet certification standards and is predominantly used in forestry. Lotus corniculatus requires agronomic research to overcome some management constraints and the re-establishment of seed supply before it would be a viable option for drier hill country. Seed production for perennial lupins in New Zealand is predominantly for an export ornamental market, with some direct relationships with growers allowing onfarm use. Caucasian clover seed production has ceased in New Zealand and the demand for seed particularly from high country farmers is no longer met. The smallseeded annual balansa clover is being integrated into farm systems and its prolific seeding has enabled some on-farm production of seed for personal use. For it and arrowleaf and Persian clovers, imported cultivars are available and a local market is unlikely to thrive until agronomic and hard seed issues are addressed. Seed supply of forage legumes to satisfy demand for hill country is problematic and will require development of different models including grower co-ops, regional seed retailers, and on-farm production for niche markets. Keywords: alfalfa, Lolium perenne, Lupinus polyphyllus, Medicago sativa, perennial ryegrass, Sitona lepidus, Trifolium ambiguum, Trifolium michelianum, Trifolium repens, Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium tumens, Trifolium vesiculosum, white clover

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Section: Subterranean Clover (Trifolium Subterraneum)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subterranean Clover (Trifolium Subterraneum)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Balansa Clover (Trifolium Michelianum)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Persian Clover (Trifolium Resupinatum)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Availability of seed for hill country adapted forage legumes

Monk¹,

Moot²,

Belgrave³

et al. 2016

NZGA R&P Series

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“…Arrowleaf clover is an erect, aerially seeding species which is hard seeded and has the potential in New Zealand to produce significantly more spring dry matter than either white (T. repens) or subterranean (T. subterraneum) clovers (Evans & Mills 2008). An initial study, on dryland hill country sown with a mix of plantain (Plantain lanceolata) and other clovers, showed that an early closing date (fenced off from grazing) resulted in seed yields of 500-700 kg/ha (MacFarlane et al 2015). This work was extended to two other dryland hill sites where arrowleaf clover was established as a sole crop with the objective of maximising seed set.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of cultivar, timing of establishment and cutting interval on yield and seed set of arrowleaf clover

Muir

Thomson

Smith

2020

Journal of NZ Grasslands

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Arrowleaf clover is an erect hard-seeded annual clover with potential to improve the typically low legume content of dryland hill country. A number of small plot experiments were undertaken to better understand arrowleaf management. Cultivar maturity impacted on single-cut yields, with later maturing cultivars (‘Arrotas’ and ‘Zulu 11’) having significantly higher yields than an early maturing cultivar (‘Cefalu’). When autumn oversowing was practised, the slow growth of arrowleaf during winter caused weed issues. Delaying sowing of arrowleaf clover from April to winter (July) did not affect dry matter yield, seed set or seed viability and avoided the need for a weed spray as the vigorous spring growth of arrowleaf out-competed weed species. Arrowleaf oversown on hill country and allowed to set seed to build a large bank of hard seed resulted in a bulk of fibrous trash that was difficult to clean-up with grazing stock. Four mowings to simulate grazing encouraged weed invasion and reduced legume yields (and trash). Whilst two mowings were optimal for seed yield, up to three mowings provided a compromise between setting seed, utilising feed for grazing and reducing trash after flowering.

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A review of legume research and extension in New Zealand (1990–2022)

Moot

2022

Crop & Pasture Science

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Legumes have underpinned transformational change on New Zealand sheep and beef farms over the last 30 years. This was through an emphasis on ewe nutrition based on lucerne or red clover dominant pastures, and increased use of subterranean and white clovers on uncultivatable hill country. Pre- and post-weaning lamb growth rates have increased, and enabled earlier slaughter of heavier lambs. The farm systems results include greater numbers of hoggets mated, higher lambing percentages and greater ewe efficiency (kg lamb weaned/kg ewe mated). Extension packages to support legume use have compared growth rates of resident and legume-based pastures, economic analyses of successful farms and management packages for the most appropriate legume in different environments. Over the same period, the dairy industry rapidly expanded in cow numbers and area onto flat irrigated land on the Canterbury Plains. The nitrogen deficiency of perennial ryegrass was overcome by a linear increase in nitrogen fertiliser use. Environmental concerns from this intensification has led to a legislated nitrogen cap of 190 kg/ha.year. This, coupled with a recent trebling in urea price, has returned attention to increasing the white clover content of these pastures. Nitrogen applications can be minimised by using diverse pastures sown with a legume, herb and <8 kg/ha of perennial ryegrass. Work on other legumes, including annuals and those with condensed tannins, has to date failed to increase their use in most pastoral settings, with the exception of the perennial lupin which is adapted to high-aluminium soils in the South Island High Country.

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Effects of closing date on seeding and hardseededness of balansa, gland, Persian and arrowleaf clovers on East Coast dryland

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Availability of seed for hill country adapted forage legumes

Availability of seed for hill country adapted forage legumes

Effect of cultivar, timing of establishment and cutting interval on yield and seed set of arrowleaf clover

A review of legume research and extension in New Zealand (1990–2022)

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