EFFECTS OF COLD TEMPERATURES ON HATCHING OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, <i>MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA</i> (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)

Wetzel, Baylor; Kulman, H. M.; Witter, John A.

doi:10.4039/ent1051145-8

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…About 3 days before hatching, pharate larvae withstood temperatures as low as -12°C with little mortality, while about 45% survived temperatures of -18°C for the longest duration, 14 days. These percentages are not directly comparable with those reported by Wetzel et al (1973) because my statistics are reduction in survival while theirs are percentage mortality of pharate larvae within eggs. There is general agreement since they reported the critical spring temperature for forest tent caterpillar pharate larvae under laboratory conditions to be about at -20°C.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

“…These percentages are not directly comparable with those reported by Wetzel et al (1973) because my statistics are reduction in survival while theirs are percentage mortality of pharate larvae within eggs. There is general agreement since they reported the critical spring temperature for forest tent caterpillar pharate larvae under laboratory conditions to be about at -20°C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

“…Hanec (1966) studied the relationship between glycerol content and ability to supercool eggs and first instar larvae, and concluded that larvae survived at lower temperatures than those temperatures reported by Blais et al (1955) to have caused the collapse of the outbreak. Wetzel et al (1973) subjected pharate larvae to cold temperatures of -10°C to -30°C at 5" intervals. They found that the critical spring temperature of pharate larvae under laboratory conditions is about -20°C, since warmer temperatures did not cause mortality levels very different from controls.…”

Section: January 1975mentioning

confidence: 99%

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COLD-HARDINESS OF FIRST INSTAR LARVAE OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)

Raske

1975

Can Entomol

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Can. Ent. 107: 75-80 (1975) Unfed forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.) larvae were subjected to temperature treatments of -18", -12", -7", -lo, 4", and 22"C, each at durations of 2 days, 7 days, and 14 days. Each temperature-duration treatment was initiated 3 days before expected hatch, and 3 days after hatch. Fed larvae were subjected to identical treatments 2 days after hatch. Temperature treatments of the before hatch group resulted in appreciable mortality only at -18°C for 7 days and at -18°C and -12°C for 14 days. Temperature treatments of the after hatch group resulted in nearly 100% mortality at -18°C for all durations, at -12°C for 14 days, and about 50% mortality at -7°C for 14 days. Other temperature-duration combinations caused little mortality. The mortality resulting from temperature treatments of fed larvae did not differ from unfed larvae of the after hatch group.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Section: January 1975mentioning

confidence: 99%

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COLD-HARDINESS OF FIRST INSTAR LARVAE OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)

Raske

1975

Can Entomol

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“…Qualitative differences in individuals have also been shown in M. neustria (L.) (Laux 1962;Franz and Laux 1964). Although behavioral polymorphism has been suggested for the economically important M. disstria Hiibner (Campbell 1966;Ives 1973;Wetzel et al 1973), there are no previous reports of behavioral studies on this insect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

BEHAVIORAL STUDIES ON MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)

Greenblatt

Witter

1976

Can Entomol

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A frequently used method for determining the threshold temperature for insect development is based on the expression for the hyperbola and its reciprocal (Bean 1961). This method has certain disadvantages, the major one being that the developmental velocity curve is sigmoid and the selection of a linear portion of this curve has a subjective element (Morris and Fulton 1970). Sanders (1975) has published a different method for estimating the threshold temperature for the development of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) pupae. However. his analysis of the data, by iteration, is unnecessarily laborious. A simpler and more accurate analysis is presented here, using the data in Sanders' (1 975) table I as an example. At a constant temperature of 2 1 .1 "C, male pupae required an average of 9.3 days to moth emergence, while female pupae required 8.6 days. Emergence in the field averaged between 16 and 21 days. Rather than select five assumed threshold temperatures, it is necessary to select only two temperatures, determine the degree-days required for the average emergence time, plot the points, and draw a straight line between the points. Thus, for male pupae reared at 21.1°C: selecting l . l°C as the assumed threshold temperature, one obtains 9.3 days at 20°C = 186 degree-days; selecting 11.l0C on the assumed threshold temperature one obtains 9.3 days at 10°C = 93 degree days. These two points are plotted and a line is drawn, Fig. 1 line A1 . The procedure is repeated for the other temperature regime: selecting 2.8"C as the assumed threshold temperature, mean emergence occurred at 211 degree-days; selecting 10°C as the assumed threshold temperature, mean emergence occurred at 71 degree-days. These two points are plotted and a line is drawn, Fig. 1 line A2. The threshold temperature for male pupal development is the point at which the lines intersect, 6.9"C.Repeating the procedure for the female pupae, one obtains a threshold temperature of 7.4"C ( Fig. 1 lines B 1, B2). Sanders (1975) determined the threshold temperature to be 7.2"C with no difference between males and females. My analysis shows that the threshold temperature for female pupae is 0.5"C greater than that for males.

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“…Specifically, cold spring weather has been blamed for the early-season losses of larvae, presumably through freezing and subsequent death of either foliage or young larvae (Blais et al 1955), and extreme cold winter weather has been blamed for high egg mortality due to freezing (Witter and Kulman 1972). Laboratory experiments have clearly demonstrated that all life-stages are susceptible to cold (Salt 1936;Hanec 1966;Wetzel et al 1973;Raske 1975). Daniel and Myers (1995) used a correlational approach to test whether, in Ontario, large-scale patterns of annual spring or winter weather corresponded with long-term fluctuations in outbreak severity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Climate and Forest Structure on Duration of Forest Tent Caterpillar Outbreaks Across Central Ontario, Canada

1998

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We examined the effect of forest structure and climate on large-scale and long-term patterns of outbreaks of forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., across central Ontario. This was done using previously published data on outbreak duration and forest heterogeneity, combined with high-resolution climatic data simulated by the recently developed Ontario Climate Model. Our analysis, which eliminates some of the spatially confounding effects of forest structure and climate, suggests that both the predicted long-term temperature minimum for the coldest month and the predicted growing degree-days in the first 6 weeks of the growing season are important determinants of outbreak duration, with colder weather being associated with shorter outbreaks. Forest heterogeneity accounts for more variation in outbreak duration than either of the climatic variables.

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EFFECTS OF COLD TEMPERATURES ON HATCHING OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

COLD-HARDINESS OF FIRST INSTAR LARVAE OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)

COLD-HARDINESS OF FIRST INSTAR LARVAE OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)

BEHAVIORAL STUDIES ON MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)

Effects of Climate and Forest Structure on Duration of Forest Tent Caterpillar Outbreaks Across Central Ontario, Canada

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