Effects of Copper-Based Fungicides on Foliar Gas Exchange in Tart Cherry

Gruber, Barrett; Davies, L. R. R.; Kruger, Eric L.; McManus, Patricia S.

doi:10.1094/pdis-93-5-0512

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The crucial role of plant physiology and morphology in the uptake and translocation of fungicides is well known (O'Leary and Jones 1987) as is the influence of systemic fungicides on plant physiology including photosynthesis and gas exchange (Gruber et al 2009). Effectiveness of systemic fungicides could be reduced by changes such as smaller stomatal opening or thicker epicuticular waxes that slow down uptake rates.…”

Section: Direct Effects Of Climate Change and Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rust-proofing wheat for a changing climate

Chakraborty

Luck

Hollaway³

et al. 2010

Euphytica

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This paper offers projections of potential effects of climate change on rusts of wheat and how we should factor in a changing climate when planning for the future management of these diseases. Even though the rusts of wheat have been extensively studied internationally, there is a paucity of information on the likely effects of a changing climate on the rusts and their influence on wheat production. Due to the lack of published empirical research we relied on the few published studies of other plant diseases, our own unpublished work and relevant information from the vast literature on rusts of wheat to prepare this overview. Three broad areas of potential risks from a changing climate were described: increased loss from wheat rusts, new rust pathotypes evolving faster and the reduced effectiveness of rust resistances. Increased biomass of wheat crops grown in the presence of elevated CO 2 concentrations and higher temperatures will increase the leaf area available for attack by the pathogen leading to increased inoculum production. If changed weather conditions were to accelerate the life cycle of a pathogen, the increased inoculum can lead to severe rust epidemics in many environments. Likewise should the effects of climate change result in more conducive conditions for rust development there will also be a corresponding increase in the rate of evolution of new pathotypes which could increase the rate of appearance of new virulences. The effectiveness of some rust resistance genes is influenced by temperature and crop development stage. Climate change may directly or indirectly influence the effectiveness of some resistance genes but this can not be ascertained due to a complete lack of knowledge. Since disease resistance breeding is a long term strategy it is important to determine if any of the important genes may become less effective due to climate change.

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Section: Direct Effects Of Climate Change and Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rust-proofing wheat for a changing climate

Chakraborty

Luck

Hollaway³

et al. 2010

Euphytica

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“…Digital leaf image analysis. Copper-associated leaf bronzing was quantified according to the methods of Erickson et al (2003) and Gruber et al (2009) and is briefly described here. Bronzing was present only on the abaxial surfaces of leaves and only on leaves that had been treated with copper-based fungicides.…”

Section: Plantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…x p = pyraclostrobin combined with b = boscalid. w Fungicide common names, brand names, formulations used, and manufacturer: basic copper sulfate (Cuprofix Disperss 20DF; Cerexagri, Inc., King of Prussia, PA, in 2007and Cuprofix Ultra 40 Disperss in 2008and 2009; chlorothalonil (Echo 720; Sipcam Agro USA, Inc., Roswell, GA, in 2007, 2008, and 2009 and Equus 720 SST; Makhteshim Agan North America, Inc., Raleigh, NC, in 2009); fenbuconazole (Indar 75WSP; Dow AgroSciences, LLC, Indianapolis, IN); pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine, BASF Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC); tebuconazole (Elite 45DF; Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC); trifloxystrobin (Gem 500SC; Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC). Amounts of copper refer to metallic copper equivalent applied.…”

Section: Plantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leaf discoloration, variously described as bronzing or necrosis, has been associated with the application of copper-based fungicides to tart cherry (Gruber et al, 2009;Holb and Schnabel, 2005;Keitt et al, 1937;McManus et al, 2007). McManus et al (2007) concluded that applications of copper-based fungicides did not lead to more defoliation assessed at the time of fruit harvest compared with CLS management programs relying solely on synthetic fungicides.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Copper-based Fungicide Has Minimal Effects on Tart Cherry Fruit Quantity and Quality

Gruber¹,

Davies²,

McManus³

2010

horts

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Copper-based fungicides are effective for managing cherry leaf spot disease incited by Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx. However, their application has been associated with bronzing discoloration of tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) foliage. This work explored the consequences of foliar applications of a copper-based fungicide for tart cherry fruit quantity and quality. ‘Montmorency’ tart cherry trees were subjected to one of the following fungicide programs in 2007, 2008, and 2009: synthetic fungicides only, synthetic fungicides integrated with a copper-based fungicide, or not sprayed. Each year, the number of fruits per shoot and fruit fresh weight and soluble solids concentration (SSC) were measured three to six times during drupe development. Repeated measures indicated no collection date × fungicide program effect on the mean number of fruits (P ≥ 0.48) and SSC (P ≥ 0.14) in all years or on fresh weight in 2008 and 2009 (P ≥ 0.58). There was a collection date × fungicide program effect (P = 0.02) on mean fresh weight in 2007. On 6 July 2007, trees assigned to the integrated copper program were observed having 23% and 27% lower fruit fresh weights than trees assigned to the nonsprayed and synthetic programs, respectively. However, pairwise comparisons indicated no difference in fresh weight between the integrated copper and the nonsprayed programs (P = 0.26) and no difference between the integrated copper and synthetic programs (P = 0.25) on the final collection date of 2007. In 2007, fresh weight decreased slightly (slope = –0.08, P = 0.05) as leaf bronzing severity increased, whereas SSC increased slightly (slope = 0.31, P = 0.06). In 2008 and 2009, there was no relationship between bronzing severity and fresh weight or SSC (P ≥ 0.34). These results indicate that applied copper does not lead to fewer fruits per shoot or reductions in fresh weight or SSC of mature fruit and that the observed range of leaf bronzing severity had little to no influence on fresh weight and SSC.

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“…Our sensitivity ratings were based on leaf appearance, but copper and sulfur fungicides are known to inhibit various photosynthetic parameters in plants (Palmer et al, 2003;Gruber et al, 2009;Petit et al, 2012); such physiological effects would not necessarily be manifested by visible symptoms (Gruber et al, 2012;Debona et al, 2014). Finally, copper can accumulate in vineyard soil (Brun et al, 1998) with possible negative side effects to grapevine health (Juang et al, 2012), and sulfur can be detrimental to predatory mites (Hanna et al, 1997;Kreiter et al 1998;Beers et al, 2009), important considerations for growers who wish to use these chemicals in an integrated pest management program.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sensitivity of cold-climate wine grape cultivars to copper, sulfur, and difenoconazole fungicides

2017

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The development of wine grape cultivars that can withstand temperatures as low as-40 o C, hereafter referred to as cold-climate cultivars, has been critical to the establishment and growth of the wine industry in the northern USA. While some grape cultivars are susceptible to leaf injury following application of copper, sulfur, and difenoconazole fungicides, the sensitivity of most cold-climate cultivars to these fungicides is not known. In field trials conducted over four years at two locations in Wisconsin, USA, we found that most of the 15 cold-climate cultivars evaluated were not highly sensitive to copper, sulfur, or difenoconazole, although there were important exceptions. Sensitivity was expressed in relative terms, with comparisons made among the cultivars tested, and more weight given when injury was observed after a small number of applications. Regarding copper: Brianna was highly sensitive, showing injury in seven of 11 trials, sometimes after three or fewer applications; Léon Millot, and Maréchal Foch were moderately sensitive, each showing injury in three of six trials; and Frontenac, Frontenac gris, La Crescent, Marquette, and St. Croix were slightly sensitive, each showing injury in one or two trials. Regarding sulfur: Brianna, Léon Millot, and Maréchal Foch were highly sensitive, each showing injury in three trials, sometimes after three or fewer applications; and La Crescent and St. Croix were slightly sensitive, each showing injury in one trial. With the exception of Noiret, which showed injury in one trial, none of the cultivars was sensitive to difenoconazole. It should be possible for growers to integrate these fungicides into disease management programs that will control important diseases of wine grape and delay the emergence of pathogens resistant to major classes of synthetic fungicides. Year Vineyard a Cultivars b Treatments c (g a.i. / 378.5 liters) Application dates (max. temp. o C) d Unit treated Rater: rating dates e

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Effects of Copper-Based Fungicides on Foliar Gas Exchange in Tart Cherry

Cited by 5 publications

References 22 publications

Rust-proofing wheat for a changing climate

Rust-proofing wheat for a changing climate

A Copper-based Fungicide Has Minimal Effects on Tart Cherry Fruit Quantity and Quality

Sensitivity of cold-climate wine grape cultivars to copper, sulfur, and difenoconazole fungicides

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