Effects of Curing Method and Glass Transition Temperature on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Acrylic Liquid Polymer–Stabilized Kaolinite

Ghasemzadeh, Hasan; Mehrpajouh, Aida; Pishvaei, Malihe; Mirzababaei, Mehdi

doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003287

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Sample Preparation and Experimental Investigation. According to the sample preparation of acrylic latexes proposed by Ghasemzadeh et al, 23 the liquid polymer was diluted with distilled water to prepare the optimum polymer concentration of 5%. The compaction parameters of soil were determined using the proctor test.…”

Section: Rheology Control Agents (Thickeners)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polymers are one of the well-documented nontraditional materials to unravel problems of various constructional materials such as soil and concrete under short-term and long-term conditions. − In addition, waterborne polymers have been considered less polluting, easily applicable, and cost-effective nontraditional binders. − However, some ingredients of manufactured polymeric soil additives are not utterly disclosed owing to their patent policy. Wetting agents, plasticizers, antifoams, pH control agents, and rheology control agents such as thickeners are examples of numerous additives used in industries during the production process or application of acrylic latexes. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compressive Strength of Acrylic Polymer-Stabilized Kaolinite Clay Modified with Different Additives

Ghasemzadeh

Mehrpajouh

2022

ACS Omega

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Although numerous studies have shown the successful use of acrylic-based polymers as one of the chemical substances to improve soil mechanical behavior, their basic ingredients in commercial products are not revealed due to the manufacturers’ confidential policy. Among them, additives including pH control agents, thickeners, antifoams, and wetting agents are widely well-known owing to their enhancement effects on different properties of polymers. However, the effect of additives on the soil–polymer mixture is not completely investigated. Therefore, in this study, some of the frequently used additives in acrylic polymers were selected to investigate the effects of each one on the compressive strength of clayey soil. These additives include xanthan gum, Tylose, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as thickeners, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and Kenon 10 as wetting agents, an ether-based antifoaming agent, and ammonia solution as a pH control agent. A combination of each additive (between 0 and 5% by weight) and polymethyl methacrylate- co -butyl acrylate (with 5% by weight) was added to kaolinite soil to measure the variation of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and the stress–strain behavior of the soil–polymer–additive mixture. The results indicated that thickeners significantly affected the unconfined compressive strength up to 248% and increased the ductility of the stabilized samples. Acidic pH of the emulsion led to higher unconfined compressive strength of the stabilized soil up to 2.33 times that with alkaline. It is also demonstrated that the use of a higher amount of anionic wetting agent resulted in higher failure strain and lower unconfined compressive strength.

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Section: Rheology Control Agents (Thickeners)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressive Strength of Acrylic Polymer-Stabilized Kaolinite Clay Modified with Different Additives

Ghasemzadeh

Mehrpajouh

2022

ACS Omega

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“…In order to make the external soil more effective for slope stability and ecological restoration, researchers have suggested innovative methods to improve the strength, permeability and water retention of soil through chemistry, physics or biology in recent years [ 8 , 9 ]. The use of polymers as chemical soil stabilization materials has attracted more and more attention because of its environmental protection characteristics [ 10 , 11 ]. The addition of polymer can significantly increase the compressive strength and cohesion of soil by filling, covering and wrapping the soil with its colloid; an investigation showed that the unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio (CBR) value of the composite soil increased by 52.8% and 72.8%, respectively, with the addition of 7% polymethacrylate (PMA) [ 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using PVA and Attapulgite for the Stabilization of Clayey Soil

Mei

et al. 2022

Polymers

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Considering that, in the context of the ecological restoration of a large number of exposed rock slopes, it is difficult for existing artificial soil to meet the requirements of mechanical properties and ecological construction at the same time, this paper investigates the stabilization benefits of polyvinyl acetate and attapulgite-treated clayey soil through a series of laboratory experiments. To study the effectiveness of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and attapulgite as soil stabilizer, a triaxial strength test, an evaporation test and a vegetation growth test were carried out on improved soil with different amounts of PVA content (0, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and attapulgite replacement (0, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%). The results show that the single and composite materials of polyvinyl acetate and attapulgite can increase the peak deviator stress of the sample. The addition of polyvinyl acetate can improve the soil strength by increasing the cohesion of the sample; the addition of attapulgite improves the soil strength mainly by increasing the internal friction angle of the sample. The strength of the composite is greatly improved by increasing the cohesion and internal friction angle of the sample at the same time. The effect of adding materials increased significantly with increasing curing age. Moreover, polyvinyl acetate and attapulgite improve the soil water retention of the soil by improving the water-holding capacity, so that the soil can still ensure the good growth of vegetation under long-term drought conditions. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicated that the PVA and attapulgite of soil affect the strength characteristics of soil specimens by the reaction of PVA and water, which changes the structure of the soil and, by the interweaving of attapulgite soil particles, acts as the skeleton of the aggregate. Overall, PVA and attapulgite can effectively increase clayey soil stability by improving the cohesive force and internal friction angle of clayey soil.

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“…A common solution in this context involves replacing these traditional binders, even though partially, with low-cost and more environmentally sustainable materials. Promising alternate materials capable of meeting both geotechnical performance and sustainability requirements, as reported in the research literature, include synthetic or natural polymers, resins and sulfonated oils [ 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Shear Strength Performance of Compacted Rubberized Clays Treated with Sodium Alginate Biopolymer

et al. 2021

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This study examines the potential use of sodium alginate (SA) biopolymer as an environmentally sustainable agent for the stabilization of rubberized soil blends prepared using a high plasticity clay soil and tire-derived ground rubber (GR). The experimental program consisted of uniaxial compression and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests; the former was performed on three soil–GR blends (with GR-to-soil mass ratios of 0%, 5% and 10%) compacted (and cured for 1, 4, 7 and 14 d) employing distilled water and three SA solutions—prepared at SA-to-water (mass-to-volume) dosage ratios of 5, 10 and 15 g/L—as the compaction liquid. For any given GR content, the greater the SA dosage and/or the longer the curing duration, the higher the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), with only minor added benefits beyond seven days of curing. This behaviour was attributed to the formation and propagation of so-called “cationic bridges” (developed as a result of a “Ca2+/Mg2+ ⟷ Na+ cation exchange/substitution” process among the clay and SA components) between adjacent clay surfaces over time, inducing flocculation of the clay particles. This clay amending mechanism was further verified by means of representative SEM images. Finally, the addition of (and content increase in) GR—which translates to partially replacing the soil clay content with GR particles and hence reducing the number of available attraction sites for the SA molecules to form additional cationic bridges—was found to moderately offset the efficiency of SA treatment.

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Effects of Curing Method and Glass Transition Temperature on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Acrylic Liquid Polymer–Stabilized Kaolinite

Cited by 32 publications

References 43 publications

Compressive Strength of Acrylic Polymer-Stabilized Kaolinite Clay Modified with Different Additives

Compressive Strength of Acrylic Polymer-Stabilized Kaolinite Clay Modified with Different Additives

Using PVA and Attapulgite for the Stabilization of Clayey Soil

Improved Shear Strength Performance of Compacted Rubberized Clays Treated with Sodium Alginate Biopolymer

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