Effects of Cytosine Arabinoside, Adenine Arabinoside, and 6-Azauridine on Rabies Virus in Vitro and in Vivo

Harmon, Maurice W.; Janis, Burton

doi:10.1093/infdis/133.1.7

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The outcome of human rabies is invariably fatal, and there is no effective treatment, despite the fact that some investigators have tried several drugs [10,11]. Two out of the three patients at AUBMC received Ara-C, following reports about its usefulness in itro against the replication of rabies virus [12,13], but both of them died.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human rabies in Lebanon: lessons for control

et al. 2000

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Human rabies is known to be endemic in countries bordering Lebanon, but its prevalence in Lebanon has not been studied before. All eight cases of human rabies reported to the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health between 1991 and 1999 were reviewed, as well as three other cases admitted to the American University of Beirut Medical Center. A total of 1102 cases of animal bites to humans, the majority of which were dog bites, were reported to the Ministry of Public Health between 1991 and 1996. In this period, 2487 doses of rabies vaccine were administered to the above group, as post-exposure prophylaxis. Veterinarians, a high risk and educated group, were interviewed, and only 7 out of 72 were found to have been vaccinated. Major improvements in surveillance and reporting, better control of animal rabies, more awareness especially among high risk groups, and regional cooperation, are all needed to prevent and control this deadly infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human rabies in Lebanon: lessons for control

et al. 2000

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“…This in vitro inhibitory effect of ara-C on virus replication was partly reproduced in another study, in which viral replication was only slightly decreased, even in conditions completely shutting down host DNA synthesis [152]. Another pyrimidine analog inhibitor, 6-azauridine (6-azu), was shown to have an antiviral effect on laboratory-adapted RABV strain replication in vitro [155] that was unlikely to be due to a direct virucidal effect [151]. However, neither of these drugs was effective at reducing the mortality rate in mice challenged with non adapted virus strains [155].…”

Section: /115mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…However, cytarabin (also known as cytosine arabinoside or ara-C) is a potent inhibitor of DNA synthesis that has surprisingly been shown to be effective in vitro against the replication of laboratory-adapted RABV strains [153][154][155]. It has been suggested that this inhibition occurs soon after infection (3 hours post-infection) [153][154] and is specific to this molecule, as other pyrimidine nucleoside analogs or derivatives (such as 2-thio and 5-iodo derivatives of ara-C and uracil arabinoside) have no inhibitory effect [154].…”

Section: /115mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another pyrimidine analog inhibitor, 6-azauridine (6-azu), was shown to have an antiviral effect on laboratory-adapted RABV strain replication in vitro [155] that was unlikely to be due to a direct virucidal effect [151]. However, neither of these drugs was effective at reducing the mortality rate in mice challenged with non adapted virus strains [155]. Only one study suggested beneficial effects of ara-C for rabies prevention in mice, together with iododeoxyuridine, actinomycin D, rifampicin or azathioprine [156].…”

Section: /115mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Purine analogs with antiviral activities against RNA and DNA viruses have also been extensively studied in RABV infection, including adenosine analogs, such as vidarabine (arabinosyl adenosine or ara-A) and dihydroxypropyladenine ((S)-DHPA) [157]. A dosedependent inhibitory effect of vidarabine on laboratory-adapted RABV strain replication has 33/115 been observed in vitro, but was not further confirmed in the mouse model [155,158]. This molecule was not virucidal and it was suggested that it acts by inhibiting cell and viral RNA synthesis and viral protein synthesis [158].…”

Section: /115mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Rabies Encephalitis Prevention and Treatment: Progress Since Pasteurs Discovery

Dacheux¹,

Delmas²,

Bourhy

2011

IDDT

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Rabies remains one of the most ancient and deadly of human infectious diseases. This viral zoonosis is transmitted principally by the saliva of infected dogs, inducing a form of encephalomyelitis that is almost invariably fatal. Since the first implementation, by Louis Pasteur in 1885, of an efficient preventive post-exposure treatment, more effective protocols and safer products have been developed, providing almost 100% protection if administered early enough. However, this disease still represents a major, but neglected public health problem, with an estimated 55,000 human deaths due to rabies reported each year, mostly in Africa and Asia. Once the first clinical signs appear, there is no effective treatment. A ray of hope emerged in 2004, with the report of a patient recovering from rabies after aggressive, innovative treatment. However, this case was not clearly reproduced and the identification of targets for antiviral treatment in cases of rabies infection remains a major challenge. In this context, this review presents the state-of-the art in the prevention and curative treatment of human rabies. We begin by describing the viral etiological agent and the disease it causes, to provide an essential background to rabies. An overview of the post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies in humans is then given, from its initial implementation to possible future developments. Finally, an analysis of the various antiviral compounds tested in rabies in vitro, in animal models or in humans is presented, focusing in particular on potential new strategies.

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Inhibitors of ZIKV Replication and Infection

2018

Zika Virus and Diseases

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Effects of Cytosine Arabinoside, Adenine Arabinoside, and 6-Azauridine on Rabies Virus in Vitro and in Vivo

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

Human rabies in Lebanon: lessons for control

Human rabies in Lebanon: lessons for control

Human Rabies Encephalitis Prevention and Treatment: Progress Since Pasteurs Discovery

Inhibitors of ZIKV Replication and Infection

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