Effects of Deception on Exercise Performance

Stone, Margaret E.; Thomas, Kevin; Wilkinson, Mick; Jones, Andrew M.; Gibson, Alan St Clair; Thompson, Kevin G.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318232cf77

Cited by 60 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the differences observed between each of the running conditions of the present study would be substantial enough to alter the outcome of non-elite, sprintdistance triathlon competition. Whilst this finding is consistent with previous deceptive [8] and non-deceptive [2,27] studies of initial pace manipulation, the present study is the first to highlight deceptive pace manipulation as a possible method to enhance performance during multi-disciplinary endurance events, such as triathlon. More importantly, these findings…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…As such, it would appear that the perceptual 'template' put forward by Tucker [3] is a relatively robust construct during selfpaced performance. This is consistent with recent studies of cycling performance, which suggest the magnitude of deceptively aggressive pacing which can be sustained for long enough to benefit overall performance has relatively fine margins, which may be associated with established values of typical error and smallest worthwhile performance changes [7,8].…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Extending the findings of previous research [7,8,[10][11][12][13], this novel study demonstrates the potential for deceptive pacing interventions to elicit practically meaningful changes in multidisciplinary endurance performance. Despite previous suggestions to the contrary [22,23], a deceptively aggressive initial pace appears to produce a better overall run performance during sprint-distance triathlon, compared to more conservative starting strategies.…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…previous deceptive research [8,10] all participants were fully debriefed about the true nature of the study upon completion of all trials. All study procedures were approved by the institutional ethics committee.…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of deceptive running speed on physiology, perceptual responses, and performance during sprint-distance triathlon

Taylor

Smith

2014

Physiology & Behavior

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Objective: This study examined the effects of speed deception on performance, physiological and perceptual responses, and pacing during sprint-distance triathlon running. Methods: Eight competitive triathletes completed three simulated sprint-distance triathlons (0.75 km swim, 20 km bike, 5 km run) in a randomised order, with swimming and cycling sections replicating baseline triathlon performance. During the first 1.66 km of the run participants maintained an imposed speed, completing the remaining 3.33 km as quickly as possible. Although participants were informed that initially prescribed running speed would reflect baseline performance, this was true during only one trial (Tri-Run 100% ). As such, other trials were either 3% faster (Tri-Run 103% ), or 3% slower (Tri-Run 97% ) than baseline during this initial period. Results: Performance during Tri-Run 103% (1346 ± 108 s) was likely faster than TriRun 97% (1371 ± 108 s), and possibly faster than Tri-Run 100% (1360 ± 125 s), with these differences likely to be competitively meaningful. The first 1.66 km of Tri-Run 103% induced greater physiological strain compared to other conditions, whilst perceptual responses were not significantly different between trials. Conclusions: It appears that even during 'all-out' triathlon running, athletes maintain some form of 'reserve' capacity which can be accessed by deception. This suggests that expectations and beliefs have a practically meaningful effect on pacing and performance during triathlon, although it is apparent that an individual's conscious intentions are secondary to the brains sensitivity to potentially harmful levels of physiological and perceptual strain.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of deceptive running speed on physiology, perceptual responses, and performance during sprint-distance triathlon

Taylor

Smith

2014

Physiology & Behavior

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“…Similarly, lesions in the ascending reticular activating system suggest that reductions in arousal may mediate some aspects of fatigue in individuals with post-polio syndrome (37). Even in healthy individuals, however, psychological factors, such as performance feedback, can influence the average power produced by trained cyclists when performing a time trial as quickly as possible, which presumably coincides with maximal ratings of perceived exertion at the end of the task (66). …”

Section: Proposed Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Translating Fatigue to Human Performance

Enoka

Duchateau

2016

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

627

582

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Despite flourishing interest in the topic of fatigue—as indicated by the many presentations on fatigue at the 2015 annual meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine—surprisingly little is known about its impact on human performance. There are two main reasons for this dilemma: (1) the inability of current terminology to accommodate the scope of the conditions ascribed to fatigue, and (2) a paucity of validated experimental models. In contrast to current practice, a case is made for a unified definition of fatigue to facilitate its management in health and disease. Based on the classic two-domain concept of Mosso, fatigue is defined as a disabling symptom in which physical and cognitive function is limited by interactions between performance fatigability and perceived fatigability. As a symptom, fatigue can only be measured by self-report, quantified as either a trait characteristic or a state variable. One consequence of such a definition is that the word fatigue should not be preceded by an adjective (e.g., central, mental, muscle, peripheral, and supraspinal) to suggest the locus of the changes responsible for an observed level of fatigue. Rather, mechanistic studies should be performed with validated experimental models to identify the changes responsible for the reported fatigue. As indicated by three examples (walking endurance in old adults, time trials by endurance athletes, and fatigue in persons with multiple sclerosis) discussed in the review, however, it has proven challenging to develop valid experimental models of fatigue. The proposed framework provides a foundation to address the many gaps in knowledge of how laboratory measures of fatigue and fatigability impact real-world performance.

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The effect of self- even- and variable-pacing strategies on the physiological and perceptual response to cycling

et al. 2011

Self Cite

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It has been proposed that an even-pacing strategy is optimal for events lasting <120 s, but this assertion is not well-established. This study tested the hypothesis that even-paced cycling is less challenging than self- or variable-paced cycling. Ten well-trained male cyclists (VO2max, 4.89 ± 0.32 L min(-1)) completed a self-paced (SP) 20-km time trial followed by time- and work-matched even-paced (EP 100% SP mean power) and variable-paced (VP 142 and 72% SP mean power, 1:1.5 high:low power ratio) trials in a random, counterbalanced order. During all trials expired air and heart rate were analysed throughout, blood lactate was sampled every 4 km, and perceptual responses (rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and affect) were assessed every 2 km and post-trial. There were no whole trial statistically significant differences between trials for any of the respiratory variables measured, although there was a trend for higher RER's in VP compared to EP (P = 0.053). Blood lactate was lower in EP compared to VP (P = 0.001) and SP (P = 0.001), and higher in SP compared to VP (P = 0.008). RPE was lower, and affect more positive, in EP compared to both SP and VP (P > 0.05). The results of this study show that, for a time- and work-matched 20-km time trial, an even-paced strategy results in attenuated perturbations in the physiological response and lower perception of effort in comparison to self- and variable-paced strategies.

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Effects of Deception on Exercise Performance

Cited by 60 publications

References 45 publications

Effects of deceptive running speed on physiology, perceptual responses, and performance during sprint-distance triathlon

Effects of deceptive running speed on physiology, perceptual responses, and performance during sprint-distance triathlon

Translating Fatigue to Human Performance

The effect of self- even- and variable-pacing strategies on the physiological and perceptual response to cycling

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