Effects of density dependence on diel vertical migration of populations of northern krill: a genetic algorithm model

Diel vertical migration of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is flexible during advection across the Scotia Sea

“…Krill can respond to a changing landscape of predation risk and food availability by migrating vertically in the water column (Russell, 1927) and by swarming (Ritz, 1994). Going deeper reduces both predation risk and food intake (De Robertis, 2002; Burrows and Tarling, 2004). Likewise, increased swarm density is believed to result in lower predation risk, due to group avoidance strategies and increased vigilance (O'Brien, 1987;Ritz, 2000) but also lower food intake, due to intraspecific interference and competition (Morris et al, 1983;Hamner and Hamner, 2000;Ritz, 2000).…”

Diel Vertical Migration Behaviour of the Northern Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica Sars)

“…Modelling is now among the methods applied in evaluating DVM behaviour (Andersen and Nival, 1991;Burrows and Tarling, 2004;Tarling et al, 2000), as well as for assessing interactions between the DVM patterns of M. norvegica and the vertical current field (Emsley et al, 2005;Sourisseau et al, 2006).…”

Synergistic effects of seasonal deoxygenation and temperature truncate copepod vertical migration and distribution

“…For males, temperature is the primary determinant of vertical distribution at low dissolved oxygen, with a higher fraction of males found below the surface mixed layer when dissolved oxygen and temperature are both low, when compared with both females and copepodites. This suggests different physiological responses to the dual stressors of temperature and oxygen between the sexes, potentially in response to different energetic demands between males and females or reproduction behaviors (Burrows & Tarling 2004, Kessler 2004. Specifically, oxygen demand and respiration rate have been shown to increase for reproductively active female copepods (Svetlichny et al 2012, Castellani & Altunbas 2014, which may require females to reside in shallower and more oxygenated water.…”