Effects of Deposition Conditions on the Structure and Chemical Properties of Carbon Nanopipettes

Vitol, Elina A.; Schrlau, Michael G.; Bhattacharyya, Sanjib; Ducheyne, Paul; Bau, Haim H.; Friedman, Gary D.; Gogotsi, Yury

doi:10.1002/cvde.200906784

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…[26] The Ar flow of 200 sccm (standard cubic centimeters per minute) was passed through the CVD reaction chamber during heating. Carbon was deposited inside the pulled quartz pipette by CVD, using methane as the carbon source and argon (Ar) as the protector, as described previously.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Carbon Nanoelectrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis at Single Gold Nanoparticles Attached to Carbon Nanoelectrodes

Gao

et al. 2014

ChemElectroChem

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Electrochemical experiments at individual metal nanoparticles (NPs) can provide new insights into their electrocatalytic behavior. In this Communication, we report the preparation of nanometer-sized carbon electrodes and their use as substrates for the immobilization of single gold NPs (AuNPs). In addition to its very small size, the surface of a carbon nanoelectrode is catalytically inert, which makes it an excellent substrate for studying electrocatalytic reactions. The activity of single AuNPs towards the hydrogen evolution reaction was investigated and compared to that of low-atomicity gold clusters. Three approaches to attaching AuNPs to either chemically modified or bare carbon nanoelectrodes, and the effects of immobilization on hydrogen adsorption and catalytic behavior of AuNPs are discussed. The developed methodology should be useful for studying the effects of NP size, geometry, and surface attachment on the electrocatalytic activity.Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted a great deal of research interest because of their unique physical and chemical properties. They are extensively utilized as catalysts, owing to their high surface-area-to-mass ratio. Understanding the relationship between the size and structure of a NP and its catalytic activity is essential for fundamental advances in electrocatalysis and technological applications. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] In most published stud-ies, the use of a large ensemble of particles obscures the effects of variations in NP size, shape, orientation, and local environment on the catalytic activity.Different electrochemical strategies have been proposed to perform experiments at single NPs, [3c] most of which focus on monitoring current transients produced by collisions of a metal particle with a micrometer-sized electrode. [8, 9] Xiao and Bard were the first to detect the landing of catalytic NPs on the microelectrode surface. [8a] Compton and co-workers used the particle collision method to determine the size distribution and concentration of NPs by measuring the charge transferred in the current transient. [10] Such experiments provided information about transport processes and collision dynamics rather than electron transfer (ET) or catalytic reactions.To access chemical information at a single metal NP, one can attach it to the surface of a nanometer-sized electrode, which has to be sufficiently small to eliminate the possibility of multi-NP binding. [11] In this way, Zhang and co-workers probed the oxygen reduction reaction and the underpotential deposition of Cu at a gold NP (AuNP) attached to the Pt nanoelectrode. [12] This work also showed the importance of using catalytically inert substrate materials in single NP experiments; although well-shaped steady-state voltammograms and chronoamperometric transients were obtained, it was difficult to differentiate between the currents flowing at the AuNP and the underlying Pt surface.We have previously studied AuNPs attached to glass [13a] and carbon nanopipettes, [13b] but no isolated single particles at...

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Section: Fabrication Of Carbon Nanoelectrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis at Single Gold Nanoparticles Attached to Carbon Nanoelectrodes

Gao

et al. 2014

ChemElectroChem

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“…32, 33 The effect of changing fabrication conditions on the wall structure and surface chemistry of CNPs was also reported. 34 This fabrication procedure was later modified to fabricate solid-tipped CNPs. With longer carbon deposition time, the carbon tip could be sealed and the fabricated solid CNPs with a 50–400 nm diameter were used to detect dopamine release in Drosophila larvae with high spatial resolution.…”

Section: New Fabrication Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the development and application of nanoelectrodes

Fan

Han

Zhang

2016

Analyst

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Nanoelectrodes have key advantages compared to electrodes of conventional size and are the tool of choice for numerous applications in both fundamental electrochemistry research and bioelectrochemical analysis. This Minireview summarizes recent advances in the development, characterization, and use of nanoelectrodes in nanoscale electroanalytical chemistry. Methods of nanoelectrode preparation include laser-pulled glass-sealed metal nanoelectrodes, mass-produced nanoelectrodes, carbon nanotube based and carbon-filled nanopipettes, and tunneling nanoelectrodes. Several new topics of recent application are covered, which include the use of nanoelectrodes for electrochemical imaging at ultrahigh spatial resolution, imaging with nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes, electrochemical analysis of single cells, single enzymes, and single nanoparticles, and the use of nanoelectrodes to understand single nanobubbles.

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“…The carbon surface of CNPs can be functionalized with proteins, oligonucleotides, and particles, 15 offering a means for biosensing and detection of intracellular analytes. The multifunctionality of CNPs provides a means for biosensing concurrently with injection and electrical measurements.…”

Section: Summary and Future Potential Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanopipettes for Cell Surgery

Schrlau

Bau

2010

JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation

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C arbon nanopipettes (CNPs), nanoprobes that integrate carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into larger easily maneuverable devices, provide a viable means of performing cell surgery with carbon-based nanostructures. Taking advantage of the nanoscopic tubular geometry and unique material properties of CNTs, CNPs facilitate minimally invasive cell probing, low-volume intracellular fluid injection, sensitive electrical measurements of cell signals, and other unique analytical abilities not possible with traditional glass-based cell probing technology. In this technology review, we highlight the cell probing applications where CNPs were used as nanoneedles for intracellular injection and nanoelectrodes for cell electrophysiology. Besides summarizing the proven capabilities of CNPs, the intent of this review is to encourage further development of CNTbased devices and related nanotechnology for novel cell probing and bioanalytical applications. ( JALA 2010;15:145-51) INTRODUCTIONRecently, there has been a growing interest across diverse fields of science, medicine, and engineering in devices capable of probing and manipulating materials at the nanoscale.1 For instance, in cell biology, nano-sized devices can probe cells and subcellular environments with minimal intrusion to perform nanosurgery.2 These activities include modifying cells (via material injection and removal), sensing cell processes (with optical, biochemical, mechanical, and electrical means), and studying cell structure (by manipulation of organelles and molecules).Glass-based nanoprobes, such as glass micropipettes, are currently used to probe intracellular environments. Glass capillaries are pulled into glass micropipettes with predetermined taper geometry and tip dimensions depending on their intended application. For example, glass-based injectors have short tapers with micrometer-sized tip diameters to facilitate fluid transport, whereas glass-based, electrolyte-filled electrodes have long tapers with tip diameters in the hundreds of nanometers. However, there are several issues associated with glass-based cell probes, such as having fragile tips that break easily when encountering a hard surface, being limited to single functions (e.g., injector or electrode, not both), and having relatively large tips that tend to damage cells and organelles easily. These and other issues were reviewed in more detail. 3The advent of nanotechnology has led to the development of new tools for cell surgery, such as nanoneedles for intracellular injection of material and nanoelectrodes for studying cell signaling. Carbon-based nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are particularly useful for probing cells because they are nanoscopic in size, have hollow geometry, and have tunable surface characteristics. CNTs are slender (high length to diameter ratio) and thin walled, possess remarkable mechanical and electrical properties, 4,5 and facilitate the transmission and storage of liquids.6,7 Several groups have used a variety of methods to attach CNTs to macroscopic d...

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Effects of Deposition Conditions on the Structure and Chemical Properties of Carbon Nanopipettes

Cited by 23 publications

References 25 publications

Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis at Single Gold Nanoparticles Attached to Carbon Nanoelectrodes

Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis at Single Gold Nanoparticles Attached to Carbon Nanoelectrodes

Recent advances in the development and application of nanoelectrodes

Carbon Nanopipettes for Cell Surgery

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