Effects of dexmedetomidine and xylazine on cardiovascular function during total intravenous anaesthesia with midazolam and ketamine and recovery quality and duration in horses

Hopster, Klaus; Müller, Christina; Hopster‐Iversen, Charlotte; Stahl, Jessica; Rohn, Karl; Kästner, Sabine

doi:10.1111/vaa.12095

Cited by 28 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Horses anaesthetized with isoflurane-dexmedetomidine received the total of 35 mililitres, whereas horses from ISO group were given 30 mililiters of dopamine. HR was lower compared to ISO group, a typical side effect of alpha-2 agonists that was reported by other authors [17] [21].…”

Section: Parameterssupporting

confidence: 72%

The Effects of Dexmedetomidine Continuous Rate Infusion (CRI) on Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Healthy Horses

Sleiman¹,

Dinev²,

Simeonova³

2016

IJCM

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The concept of the modern anaesthesiological technique partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA) is by means of infusion of different pharmacological agents as a supplement to inhalation anaesthetics to reduce the concentration of volatile agents maintaining surgical anaesthesia and to decrease their noxious side effects mainly on cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Alpha-2 agonists are agents with frequent use in equine practice either as sedatives or in general anaesthesia PIVA protocols. The most selective amongst them, dexmedetomidine, is characterized by fewer side effects, lower doses, and fast elimination which make it appropriate for application as a continuous rate infusion (CRI). The purpose of this study was to trace out the effects of dexmedetomidine continuous rate infusion (CRI) as part of PIVA using isoflurane on volatile agent requirements, cardiovascular function, respiration and coagulation parameters, and recovery in healthy horses. Six healthy horses with average age 9.0 ± 5.1 year and mean body weight 247.7 ± 71.4 kg were subjected to either 3-hour lasting isoflurane or isoflurane-dexmedetomidine anaesthesia two weeks apart. The main clinical and anaesthesiological parameters were monitored in 10 minutes intervals. Electrolytes, acid-base, blood gases, and coagulation parameters were measured at the beginning and at the end of each anaesthesia. Recovery times and qualities were also recorded. The results showed that, the addition of dexmedetomidine by CRI at 1.75 μg•kg −1 •hour −1 to isoflurane anaesthesia slightly reduced isoflurane requirement for maintenance of surgical anaesthesia but had negligible effects on the recovery time and quality. PIVA using dexmedetomidine and isoflurane produced respiratory acidosis similar to isoflurane anaesthesia alone but with significantly more pronounced hypoxaemia and hyperlactaemia. Both investigated anaesthesia protocols did not influence significantly haemocoagulation parameters.

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Section: Parameterssupporting

confidence: 72%

The Effects of Dexmedetomidine Continuous Rate Infusion (CRI) on Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Healthy Horses

Sleiman¹,

Dinev²,

Simeonova³

2016

IJCM

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“…The stimulatory effect of ketamine on the heart may be masked by the concomitant use of α 2 -adrenergic agonists. 25 The reduction in doses of xylazine-induced bradycardia 3,26 in both protocols, B and D, relatively to ketamine, potentiated the cardiovascular stimulatory effect of ketamine, 3,20,27 which was antagonized in both protocols, A and C by increasing the xylazine dosages.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Evaluation of Total Intravenous Anesthesia by Ketamine-Xylazine Constant Rate Infusion in Dogs: A Novel Preliminary Dose Study

Ibrahim¹

2017

Vet Med Open J

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Background and Aims:The use of ketamine-xylazine for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) by constant rate infusion (CRI) has not been well-documented in literature. The present study aimed to define the optimal dosage of ketamine-xylazine for TIVA in dogs and its effects on physiological body parameters. Materials and Methods: Twenty mongrel dogs were randomly assigned to four treatment protocols (n=5): A (0.5 mg kg -1 , ketamine+ 0.25 mg kg -1 , xylazine and 0.6 mg kg.5 mg kg -1 , xylazine and 10 mg kg.5 mg kg -1 xylazine and 5 mg kg -1 h -1 , ketamine+0.5 mg kg -1 h -1 xylazine), and D (2 mg kg -1 ketamine+1 mg kg -1 xylazine and 10 mg kg -1 h -1 , ketamine+1 mg kg -1 h -1 xylazine) for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, respectively. Results: The anesthesia was deep in protocols B, C, and D (pedal reflex of grade=0), but light in the protocol A (pedal reflex of grade=3). Animals in both protocols B and C showed paddling and tonic clonic convulsions. All the protocols recorded a non-significant increase in the body temperature but; a significant decrease in the respiratory rate. There was a nonsignificant decrease in the heart rate in protocols A and C; while a non-significant increase was recorded in protocols B and D. Conclusion: The protocol D could be considered as the optimal dosage of ketamine-xylazine for TIVA by CRI in dogs, with minimal effects on vital body parameters, for extended surgical interventions.

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“…() reported a harmonic mean (pseudo‐SD) value of 20.3 (5.8) min. In horses anaesthetized with a dexmedetomidine‐based TIVA protocol, the mean half‐life (±SD) was slightly longer (46 ± 7 min) but shorter than that of xylazine (64 ± 13 min) (Hopster et al., ), also with higher plasma concentrations, probably due to the reduced CO by the co‐administration of other sedatives and anaesthetics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dexmedetomidine can also be used in TIVA protocols which normally include an α 2 ‐agonist, a centrally acting muscle relaxant and an i.v. anaesthetic agent, mostly ketamine (Hopster et al., ). These regimes produce general anaesthesia, avoid the cardiopulmonary effects of inhalant anaesthetics and reduce mortality but must be limited to surgical procedures of less than 60–90 min (Johnston, Eastment, Wood, & Taylor, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In an experimental, nonblinded, randomized, cross‐over study, Hopster et al. () reported a TIVA protocol for 120 min with dexmedetomidine, comparable with a xylazine‐based one, with mild‐to‐moderate cardiovascular depression in eight adults, healthy horses. This consisted of a 3.5 μg/kg sedation dose, followed by dexmedetomidine (7 μg kg −1 hr −1 ), midazolam (0.1 mg kg −1 hr −1 ) and ketamine (3 mg kg −1 hr −1 ) infusions.…”

Section: Reported Studies (2005–2017)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is there a place for dexmedetomidine in equine anaesthesia and analgesia? A systematic review (2005–2017)

Gozalo-Marcilla

Gasthuys

Luna

et al. 2017

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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The objective of this review was to perform a literature compilation of all the equine publications that used dexmedetomidine as the first article on this topic was published, in 2005. We also aimed to answer the question whether the use of dexmedetomidine can currently be justified. For that, we compiled information from databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science and the proceedings of the last veterinary anaesthesiology meetings. Dexmedetomidine is an attractive drug to be used in horses, mainly due to its pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacodynamics that favour its use as intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI). Nowadays, its clinical use is popular for sedation in prolonged standing procedures and during partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA) and total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA). However, legal requirements for its use should be taken into account.

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Effects of dexmedetomidine and xylazine on cardiovascular function during total intravenous anaesthesia with midazolam and ketamine and recovery quality and duration in horses

Cited by 28 publications

References 37 publications

The Effects of Dexmedetomidine Continuous Rate Infusion (CRI) on Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Healthy Horses

The Effects of Dexmedetomidine Continuous Rate Infusion (CRI) on Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Healthy Horses

Evaluation of Total Intravenous Anesthesia by Ketamine-Xylazine Constant Rate Infusion in Dogs: A Novel Preliminary Dose Study

Is there a place for dexmedetomidine in equine anaesthesia and analgesia? A systematic review (2005–2017)

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