Effects of Diet Supplemented with Excess Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters and Redox Status in Weaned Pigs

Abstract

The research was implemented to assess the safety of feeding excess of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium (PQQ·Na2) to 108 Duroc × Landrace × Large White weaned pigs (BW = 8.38 ± 0.47 kg). Pigs were weaned at 28 d and randomly distributed to one of three diets with six replicates and six pigs per replicate (three males and three females). Pigs in the control group were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet (without growth promoter) while the two experimental diets were supplied with 7.5 and 75.0 mg/kg PQQ·Na2, respectively. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion (F:G), diarrhea incidence, hematology, serum biochemistry, organ index and general health were determined. Diets supplementation with 7.5 mg/kg PQQ·Na2 in weaned pigs could increase ADG during the entire experimental period (p < 0.05). And there was a tendency to decrease F:G (p = 0.063). The F:G of weaned pigs fed 7.5 and 75.0 mg/kg PQQ·Na2 supplemented diets was decreased by 9.83% and 8.67%, respectively, compared to the control group. Moreover, pigs had reduced diarrhea incidence (p < 0.01) when supplemented with PQQ·Na2. No differences were observed between pigs supplemented with 0.0, 7.5 and 75.0 mg/kg PQQ·Na2 diets on hematological and serum biochemical parameters as well as histological assessment of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. At day 14, pigs had increased activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (p < 0.05), catalase (CAT) (p < 0.05) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p < 0.05), and the serum concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased (p < 0.01) with PQQ·Na2 supplementation. At day 28, pigs had increased activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) (p < 0.01), GSH-Px (p < 0.01), CAT (p < 0.05) and T-AOC (p < 0.01), and serum concentration of MDA was lower (p < 0.01) with PQQ·Na2 supplementation. In conclusion, PQQ·Na2 can improve weaned pigs growth performance and serum antioxidant status. Meanwhile high PQQ·Na2 inclusion of 75.0 mg/kg does not appear to result in harmful effects on growth performance of pigs.

Pyrroloquinoline quinone regulates glycolipid metabolism in the jejunum via inhibiting AMPK phosphorylation of weaned pigs

“…29–32 In our previous studies, dietary supplementation with PQQ increased ADG and G : F and reduced the incidence of diarrhea in weaned pigs. 15,16 In the present study, PQQ supplementation increased ADG and decreased F : G of weaned pigs, which confirmed the growth-promoting effects of PQQ.…”

“…Jejunal histological examination was conducted as described previously. 16 In brief, 2 cm jejunal segments were stored in 4% neutral-buffered paraformaldehyde. After 24 h, jejunal seg-ments were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and cross sections (5 μm) were cut with a microtome, then stained with H&E. Villous height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) were measured using a microscope (Olympus, BX-51, Japan) and the villous height/crypt depth ratio (VCR) was calculated.…”

“…14 Previously, we demonstrated that dietary supplementation with PQQ improved intestinal health and the growth performance of weaned pigs. 15,16 Inflammatory injury of the jejunal mucosa can be alleviated with dietary PQQ by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathways in weaned pigs challenged with E. coli K88. 17 However, the molecular mechanisms of how PQQ regulates metabolic functions and influences the intestinal absorption of nutrients need to be studied further.…”

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Regulates Enteric Neurochemical Plasticity of Weaned Rats Challenged With Lipopolysaccharide

“…Pyrroloquinoline quinone is a natural antioxidant that has been used in the treatment of osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, radiation poisoning, and arthritis and promotes the growth of the organisms by regulating oxidation, repairing DNA damage, reducing apoptosis, and maintaining mitochondrial function ( Kasahara and Kato, 2003 ; Huang et al, 2017 ; Wu et al, 2017 ; Xu et al, 2018 ; Geng et al, 2019 ; Jiang et al, 2019 ). We previously demonstrated that dietary PQQ could increase ADG and gain to feed ratio and reduce diarrhea incidence in weaned pigs ( Yin et al, 2019 ; Huang et al, 2021 ; Ming et al, 2021 ). In this study, daily treatment with 5.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg PQQ increased ADG of rats compared with rats not supplemented with PQQ.…”

“…Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a water-soluble quinone compound, was discovered as a redox cofactor of methanol dehydrogenase in pseudomonas TP1 and other Gram-negative bacteria ( Duine et al, 1979 ; Duine, 1991 ). We demonstrated previously that dietary supplementation with PQQ could regulate intestinal morphology, mucosal barrier function, colonic microbiota, and antioxidant status to reduce diarrhea and improve the growth performance of weaned pigs ( Yin et al, 2019 ; Huang et al, 2020 , 2021 ; Ming et al, 2021 ). PQQ is a potent neuroprotective nutrient in the CNS and peripheral nerves, which can mitigate sciatic nerve injury, reduce neurotoxin-induced neurotoxicity, and promote neuronal cell regeneration ( Liu et al, 2005 ; Hara et al, 2007 ; Shanan et al, 2019 ).…”