Effects of Dietary Administration of Chlorella on the Immune Status of Gibel Carp, Carassius Auratus Gibelio

Zhang, Qihuan; Qiu, Ming; Xu, Wenjing; Gao, Zhen; Shao, Rong; Qi, Zhitao

doi:10.4081/ijas.2014.3168

Cited by 42 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…C. vulgaris , like many other microalgae, is known to possess a number of immunostimulants in the form polysaccharides, which are substances that induce immune activity in different animals (Huang, Zhou & Zhang ). Its ability to improve immune function has been already proven in gibel carps (Zhang, Giu, Xu, Gao, Shao & Qi ). Chlorella extract was also reported to increase resistance of Plecoglossus altivelis against Vibrio anguillarium (Bergeman) (Nakagawa, Kumai, Nakagawa & Kasahara ), but information is lacking in other aquatic organisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and immune response of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) postlarvae fed diets containing Chlorella vulgaris (Beijerinck)

et al. 2016

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A 50-day growth trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Chlorella vulgaris (Beijerinck) as an ingredient in the diets of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) postlarvae (PL30). Immune response (total haemocyte count and prophenoloxidase activity) was also assessed by subjecting postlarvae to a challenge test against Aeromonas hydrophila (Chester) for 14 days. Isonitrogenous and iso-lipidic test diets were prepared using a fishmeal-based-positive control diet (D0) and four basal diets with inclusion levels of 2% (D2), 4% (D4), 6% (D6) and 8% (D8) C. vulgaris. Postlarvae of M. rosenbergii were randomly stocked (mean initial body weight of 0.19 AE 0.02 g) in 30-L tanks in three replicates per dietary treatment for evaluation of growth performance. Another set of postlarvae (mean initial body weight of 1.25 AE 0.02 g) was randomly distributed in 95-L tanks in three replicates per dietary treatment for the assessment of immune response. Results showed that specific growth rate was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in postlarvae fed D4 and D6. Variations in values for carcass protein, lipid, moisture and ash were also evident. Postlarvae fed diets with Chlorella showed increased prophenol oxidase activity and total haemocyte counts. Moreover, survival rate after challenge with A. hydrophila was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Inclusion of C. vulgaris in diets enhanced immune response and resistance of M. rosenbergii postlarvae against A. hydrophila infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and immune response of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) postlarvae fed diets containing Chlorella vulgaris (Beijerinck)

et al. 2016

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“…Zhang et al . () observed an increase in IgM, IgD, Interleukin‐22 (IL‐22) and chemokine levels at low‐level dietary supplementation (0.4–1.2% kg −1 ) of Chlorella sp. They further observed that the microalga might be involved in regulating fish innate and adaptive immunity, immunostimulatory mediators and gene expression.…”

Section: Chlorella Vulgaris In Fish and Crustaceans Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of microalga Chlorella vulgaris in aquaculture

Ahmad

Shariff

Yusoff

et al. 2018

Reviews in Aquaculture

177

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Microalgae biomass is used in aquaculture as feed, growth enhancers and immunostimulants. Chlorella vulgaris is an important species with a good biomolecular composition. Commercially, it is one of the most commonly used microalga in aquaculture. Several studies confirmed its ability to improve nutrition, immunity, aquatic bioremediation, amelioration of stress, disease resistance of fish and inhibits bacterial quorum sensing when used appropriately. Despite claims of its benefits, C. vulgaris is reported to have unfavourable effects when incorporated in diets at higher inclusion levels. In addition, its rigid cell wall might restrict the access of digestive enzymes to the intracellular components for proper digestion and assimilation. Thus, this review discusses the role of C. vulgaris and its importance in aquaculture with emphasis on its environmental requirements, morphology, pigments, digestibility, dynamics on growth performance, antibacterial activity, bacterial quorum sensing, immunomodulatory effect, anti‐stress effect, gut microbiome, aquatic bioremediation and its safety as food or feed.

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“…Moreover, it showed better activity in inhibiting lipid peroxidation as compared to glutathione and has antioxidant properties (Bengwayan et al, ). Zhang et al () found that Chlorella could significantly increase the serum IgM and IgD levels of gibel carp and thus play role in the mucosal immunity. Another study investigated the effect of replacement of fish meal by Chlorella meal supplemented to crucian carp, Carassius auratus and after evaluation of the growth performance, digestive enzymatic activities, histology and myogenic genes’ expression, the authors concluded that Chlorella meal could totally replace the fishmeal (Shi et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of using Spirulina and Chlorella as feed additives for elevating immunity status of Nile tilapia experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

El‐Habashi

Fadl

Farag³

et al. 2019

Aquac Res

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The present trial was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary incorporation of dried Spirulina, Chlorella and their mixture on the immune status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) before and after artificial infection with pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). Two hundred and forty fish were divided into four groups: (a) a control group fed on a basal diet only, (b) a second group fed on a diet containing Spirulina 15%, (c) a third group fed on a diet containing Chlorella 15%, and (d) a fourth group fed on a diet containing a mixture of both Spirulina 15% and Chlorella 15%. At the end of the experiment (9 weeks), the four groups were experimentally infected with A. hydrophila for 7 days. Antioxidant enzymes, lysozyme and bactericidal activities and histopathological changes were determined just before the challenge test and 7 days post‐challenge. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in fish body protein% before the challenge test and increases in serum antioxidant enzymes, lysozyme and bactericidal activity in the Chlorella and algal mixture groups before and after the challenge test were observed. Spirulina, Chlorella and their mixture groups significantly decreased serum malondialdehyde compared to the control group before and after the challenge test. Using Spirulina, Chlorella and their mixture mitigated the necrotic and degenerative changes induced by A. hydrophila and revealed well‐developed and multiple melanomacrophage centres. Thus, dietary Spirulina, Chlorella and their mixture inclusion in Nile tilapia fish proved to have a protective effect against A. hydrophila infection.

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Effects of Dietary Administration of Chlorella on the Immune Status of Gibel Carp, Carassius Auratus Gibelio

Cited by 42 publications

References 18 publications

Growth and immune response of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) postlarvae fed diets containing Chlorella vulgaris (Beijerinck)

Growth and immune response of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) postlarvae fed diets containing Chlorella vulgaris (Beijerinck)

Applications of microalga Chlorella vulgaris in aquaculture

Effect of using Spirulina and Chlorella as feed additives for elevating immunity status of Nile tilapia experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

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