Effects of dietary ruminally protected <scp>l</scp>‐carnitine on plasma metabolites in sheep following a sub‐lethal ammonia challenge

Walker, D.M.H.; Lambert, B.D.; Woodworth, J. C.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00563.x

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In this study, supplementation with unprotected and rumen-protected L-carnitine (the concentration of L-carnitine was 200 mg/kg basal diet) had no effect on plasma Lcarnitine concentration (P> 0.05; Table 6). Contrary to the results in this study, Walker et al (2005) reported that among different feeding dosages (0.125, 1.06, and 2.0 g/d),…”

Section: Plasma Biochemical Indices and L-carnitine Concentrationcontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Carnitine is widely used in humans and monogastric animals but rarely in ruminants. Studies on rumen-protected L-carnitine in ruminants have only been reported by White (2002), Walker (2005), Solhjoo (2014) and Olagaray (2018), but all of them were related to plasma metabolism and growth performance, and there were no related reports on antioxidant status and cytokine abundance.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of unprotected and rumen-protected L-carnitine in vitro and in vivo

et al. 2022

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This study aimed to evaluate the rumen protective effectiveness of L-carnitine through in vitro tests, rumen degradation tests and in vivo tests. Twelve rumen-fistulated crossbred rams with similar body weights of 55±3.6 kg and ages of 3±0.2 years old were divided into three treatment groups in a 3×3 Latin square design, G1 (basal diet with no additives), G2 (unprotected L-carnitine) or G3 (rumen-protected L-carnitine). Ruminal fluid and blood samples were collected before morning feeding on the last day of each experimental period (21 d). The percentage of L-carnitine remaining in the simulated rumen and abomasum and rumen increased with the increase in the wall material ratio (P< 0.05). L-carnitine supplementation decreased the plasma urea nitrogen concentration of the sheep (P< 0.05). G3 resulted in higher GSH-Px and SOD activities as well as T-AOC and lower MDA concentrations in plasma than G1, and the difference was significant among the groups (P< 0.01). Thus, L-carnitine in the rumen could be protected by encapsulation for a certain time. Unprotected and rumen-protected L-carnitine supplementation effectively enhanced the antioxidant capacity of sheep, and the antioxidant capacity of sheep supplemented with rumen-protected L-carnitine was higher than that of sheep supplemented with unprotected L-carnitine.

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Section: Plasma Biochemical Indices and L-carnitine Concentrationcontrasting

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of unprotected and rumen-protected L-carnitine in vitro and in vivo

et al. 2022

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“…Plasma samples were analyzed for free l ‐Carnitine concentration by the method of Xia and Folkers (1991) with modifications described by Walker et al. (2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical form of dietary l‐Carnitine affects plasma but not tissue Carnitine concentrations in male Sprague–Dawley rats

Lambert

Dobson

Cherry

et al. 2009

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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In Experiment 1, rats (n = 54) were randomly assigned to control or one of the four sources of l-Carnitine supplemented at either 100 or 200 micromol/kg/day and were allowed to acclimate for 14 days. Following a 12-h fast, plasma samples were obtained at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 720 min after l-Carnitine feeding and assayed for free l-Carnitine concentration. Plasma-free l-Carnitine levels were affected by time after treatment intake (p < 0.0001) and l-Carnitine source (p < 0.0001). The time x source interaction was not statistically significant (p = 0.99). In Experiment 2, rats (n = 54) were randomly assigned to control or one of the four sources of l-Carnitine at either 100 or 200 micromol/kg/day and were acclimated as in experiment 1. Rats were sacrificed 120 min after feeding. Samples of liver and skeletal muscle were obtained and assayed for free l-Carnitine concentration. Neither skeletal muscle (p = 0.44) or liver (p = 0.59) tissue concentrations of l-Carnitine were affected by any l-Carnitine source as compared with the control. We conclude that some differences exist in plasma concentrations of free l-Carnitine following ingestion of different chemical forms of l-Carnitine. It is unclear if these differences in the circulating concentration of free l-Carnitine translate into any physiological differences for the animal. In this study, chemical form of l-Carnitine had no effect on skeletal muscle or liver tissue concentrations of l-Carnitine in young male Wistar rats.

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“…Absence of additional bioavailability with RPC was also observed by White et al (2002); feedlot lambs supplemented with either RPC (20% l-carnitine) or unprotected carnitine (50% l-carnitine) fed at equal l-carnitine concentrations in the diet had similar increases in plasma carnitine concentrations. Rumenprotected carnitine fed to lambs at doses ranging from 0.25 to 10 g/d increased plasma carnitine concentrations relative to control, but no dose effect was present (Walker et al, 2005). Similar effects of crystalline and RPC observed across studies could potentially be due to hindered release of l-carnitine from protective coatings, affecting its intestinal absorption.…”

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confidence: 73%

Relative bioavailability of carnitine delivered by ruminal or abomasal infusion or by encapsulation in dairy cattle

Olagaray

Shaffer

Armendariz

et al. 2018

Journal of Dairy Science

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Two studies were designed to evaluate the relative bioavailability of l-carnitine delivered by different methods in dairy cattle. In experiment 1, 4 Holstein heifers were used in a split-plot design to compare ruminally or abomasally infused l-carnitine. The study included 2 main-plot periods, with infusion routes allocated in a crossover design. Within main-plot periods, each of 3 subplot periods consisted of 4-d infusions separated with 4-d rest periods. Subplot treatments were infusion of 1, 3, and 6 g of l-carnitine/d in conjunction with 6 g/d of arabinogalactan given in consideration of eventual product manufacturing. Doses increased within a period to minimize carryover risk. Treatments were solubilized in 4 L of water and delivered in two 10-h infusions daily. Blood was collected before the start of infusion period and on d 4 of each infusion period to obtain baseline and treatment l-carnitine concentrations. There was a dose × route interaction and route effect for increases in plasma carnitine above baseline, with increases above baseline being greater across all dose levels when infused abomasally compared with ruminally. Results demonstrated superior relative bioavailability of l-carnitine when ruminal exposure was physically bypassed. In experiment 2, 56 lactating Holstein cows (143 ± 72 d in milk) were used in 2 cohorts in randomized complete block designs (blocked by parity and milk production) to evaluate 2 rumen-protected products compared with crystalline l-carnitine. Treatments were (1) control, (2) 3 g/d of crystalline l-carnitine (crystalline), (3) 6 g/d of crystalline, (4) 5 g/d of 40COAT (40% coating, 60% l-carnitine), (5) 10 g/d of 40COAT, (6) 7.5 g/d of 60COAT (60% coating, 40% l-carnitine), and (7) 15 g/d of 60COAT. Treatments were top-dressed to diets twice daily. Each cohort used 14-d and included a 6-d baseline measurement period with the final 2 d used for data and sample collection, and an 8-d treatment period with the final 2 d used for data and sample collection. Plasma, urine, and milk samples were analyzed for l-carnitine. Crystalline and 40COAT linearly increased plasma l-carnitine, and 60COAT tended to linearly increase plasma l-carnitine. Total excretion (milk + urine) of l-carnitine averaged 1.52 ± 0.04 g/d in controls, increased linearly with crystalline and 40COAT, and increased quadratically with 60COAT. Crystalline increased plasma l-carnitine and l-carnitine excretion more than 40COAT and 60COAT. In conclusion, preventing ruminal degradation of l-carnitine increased delivery of bioavailable carnitine to cattle, but effective ruminal protection and postruminal bioavailability is challenging.

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Effects of dietary ruminally protected l‐carnitine on plasma metabolites in sheep following a sub‐lethal ammonia challenge

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

Evaluation of unprotected and rumen-protected L-carnitine in vitro and in vivo

Evaluation of unprotected and rumen-protected L-carnitine in vitro and in vivo

Chemical form of dietary l‐Carnitine affects plasma but not tissue Carnitine concentrations in male Sprague–Dawley rats

Relative bioavailability of carnitine delivered by ruminal or abomasal infusion or by encapsulation in dairy cattle

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