Our aim was to determine the speed of onset of total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-induced mucosal atrophy, and whether this is associated with changes in intestinal blood flow and tissue metabolism in neonatal piglets. Piglets were implanted with jugular venous and duodenal catheters and either a portal venous or superior mesenteric artery (SMA) blood flow probe. At 3 wk of age, piglets were randomly assigned to receive continuous enteral formula feeding (n = 8) or TPN (n = 17) for 24 or 48 h. Blood flow was recorded continuously and piglets were given an i.v. bolus of bromodeoxyuridine and (13)C-phenylalanine to measure crypt cell proliferation and protein synthesis, respectively. After 8 h of TPN, portal and SMA blood flow decreased 30% compared with enteral feeding (P < 0.01), and remained near levels of food-deprived piglets for the remaining 48 h of TPN. After 24 h, TPN reduced jejunal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and protein abundance (P < 0.05), small intestinal weight, and villous height (P < 0.01) compared with enterally fed piglets. Cell proliferation and DNA mass were decreased (P < 0.05) and apoptosis increased (P < 0.05) after 48 h of TPN. Protein synthesis was lower (P < 0.05) after 24 h of TPN, and protein mass was lower (P < 0.05) after 48 h of TPN, compared with enteral feeding. These data indicate that the transition from enteral to parenteral nutrition induced a rapid (<8 h) decrease in intestinal blood flow, and this likely precedes villous atrophy and the suppression of protein synthesis at 24 h, and of cell proliferation and survival at 48 h.
The beneficial effects of forages containing condensed tannins (CTs) on ruminants are well documented, but the chemical features of CT that yield benefits have not been defined. Some evaluations of limited numbers of highly purified compounds have resulted in positive correlations between CT molecular weight (M W ) and biological activity, while others have failed to show a correlation. The objectives of this study were to determine if M W of CT could predict biological activity relative to protein precipitability. M W of condensed tannin, proteinprecipitable phenolics (PPP), and the amount of protein bound (PB) were determined for nine species of warmseason perennial legumes. There was no correlation between PPP or PB and M W (R 2 0.11 and R 2 0.02, respectively). However, CT concentration did correlate with PPP and PB (R 2 0.81 and R 2 0.69, respectively). It was concluded that CT M W does not explain the variation in protein precipitation by CT from the forage legumes surveyed.
Our results in a previous study indicated that the portal absorption of intragastrically fed alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) was limited in young pigs. Our aim was to quantify the net portal absorption, first-pass metabolism, and whole-body flux of enterally infused AKG. In study 1, we quantified the net portal nutrient absorption in young pigs (n = 9) given an intraduodenal infusion of milk replacer [10 mL/(kg . h)] and either saline (control) or 930 micromol/(kg . h) AKG for 4 h. In study 2, we quantified the luminal disappearance of a duodenal AKG bolus in young pigs (n = 7). In study 3, we quantified the whole-body kinetics of (13)C-AKG metabolism when infused either enterally (n = 9) or intravenously (n = 9) in young pigs. In study 1, when compared with the control group, enteral AKG infusion increased (P < 0.01) the arterial (13.8 +/- 1.7 vs. 27.4 +/- 3.6 micromol/L) and portal (22.0 +/- 1.4 vs. 64.6 +/- 5.9 micromol/L) AKG concentrations and the net portal absorption of AKG [19.7 +/- 2.8 vs. 95.2 +/- 12.0 micromol/(kg . h)]. The mean fractional portal appearance of enterally infused AKG was 10.23 +/- 1.3%. In study 2, the luminal disappearance of AKG was 663 micromol/(kg . h), representing 63% of the intraduodenal dose. In study 3, the whole-body (13)C-AKG flux [4685 +/- 666 vs. 801 +/- 67 micromol/(kg . h)] was higher (P < 0.05) when given enterally than intravenously, but (13)CO(2) recovery was not different (37.3 +/- 1.0 vs. 36.2 +/- 0.7%dose). The first-pass splanchnic (13)C-AKG utilization was approximately 80%, of which 30% was oxidized to (13)CO(2). We conclude that the intestinal absorption of AKG is limited in young pigs largely due to substantial first-pass gastrointestinal metabolism.
Black soldier flies, Hermetia illucens L., are a common colonizer of animal wastes. However, all published development data for this species are from studies using artificial diets. This study represents the first examining black soldier fly development on animal wastes. Additionally, this study examined the ability of black soldier fly larvae to reduce dry matter and associated nutrients in manure. Black soldier fly larvae were fed four rates of dairy manure to determine their effects on larval and adult life history traits. Feed rate affected larval and adult development. Those fed less ration daily weighed less than those fed a greater ration. Additionally, larvae provided the least amount of dairy manure took longer to develop to the prepupal stage; however, they needed less time to reach the adult stage. Adults resulting from larvae provided 27 g dairy manure/d lived 3-4 d less than those fed 70 g dairy manure. Percentage survivorship to the prepupal or adult stages did not differ across treatments. Larvae fed 27 g dairy manure daily reduced manure dry matter mass by 58%, whereas those fed 70 g daily reduced dry matter 33%. Black soldier fly larvae were able to reduce available P by 61-70% and N by 30-50% across treatments. Based on results from this study, the black soldier fly could be used to reduce wastes and associated nutrients in confined bovine facilities.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.