Effects of different coagulants in treatment of TiO2–humic acid (HA) water and the aggregate characterization in different coagulation conditions

Improving the prediction of environmental fate of engineered nanomaterials by fractal modelling

“…By now fractal dimension is included in various NM studies, e.g. evolution studies of nanoscale TiO 2 in aquatic media (Chowdhury et al, 2013;Godinez and Darnault, 2011;Loosli et al, 2013;Xu et al, 2014), studies of fullerite nanoparticles in electrolyte solutions (Meng et al, 2013). Fractal image analysis methods were used to classify organic and inorganic structures (Kimori et al, 2011;Kong et al, 2014;Papanicolaou et al, 2012;Smith et al, 1996, Neil andCurtis, 1997).…”

Enhanced removal for humic-acid (HA) and coagulation process using carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polyalumium chloride (PACl) composites coagulants

“…In the Sections of 3.1 and 3.2, the suspension after slow mixing period were settled for 30 min, and the residual DOC of supernatant below 2.0 cm from surface was measured. The characteristics of flocs formed in this study were measured as described in former studies [36][37][38].…”

“…Some previous researches have showed that the flocs could not regrow to former size before breakage, and the floc size after breakage decreased with increasing the breakage rate. Some nano materials were used to improve the coagulation performances, but the improvement was achieved only through the simply mixed [36][37][38]. In these new coagulants, the effects of nano materials on coagulants were only adsorption, and the effects on Al transformation were not investigated well.…”

Survey of treatment process in water treatment plant and the characteristics of flocs formed by two new coagulants

“…The breakage and re-growth of flocs have been studied by many researches [13][14][15]. The floc size, strength and compaction of flocs may significantly affect the efficiency of solid/liquid separation [16].…”