Effects of Dorsal Rhizotomy Upon Subthalamic Dyskinesia in the Monkey

Stein, Bennett M.; Carpenter, Malcolm B.

doi:10.1001/archneur.1965.00470060003001

Cited by 24 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The distribution of primary afferent fibers within the spinal cord of monkey was essentially identical to that noted in cat. This distribu tion, which is schematically depicted in figure 8, corresponded with that demonstrated in a number of previous studies on central projections of mammalian dorsal roots [Sprague and Ha, 1964;Stein and Carpenter, 1965;Sterling and Kuypers, 1967], Thus, a considerable projection of primary afferent fibers into the ventral horn was noted in both cat and monkey. In several instances, these fibers were observed to distribute in a perisomal fashion closely about the bodies of large ventral horn cells.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

The Morphology of Spinal Afferent-Efferent Relationships in Vertebrates

Joseph¹,

Whitlock²

1968

Brain Behav Evol

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

The Morphology of Spinal Afferent-Efferent Relationships in Vertebrates

Joseph¹,

Whitlock²

1968

Brain Behav Evol

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“…They cut the posterior roots of a patient with Parkinsonism and did not observe a decrease in the tremor. Such experiments have also been done by Stein and Carpenter (1965) in the monkey after experimental dyskinesia experiments. Again their results indicated that sensory input from the limb is not necessary for maintenance of the tremor.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The response of the tremor of patients with Parkinsonism to peripheral nerve stimulation.

Mones¹,

Weiss²

1969

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

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“…However, it was found to be possible to induce a monkey to use the deafferented limb by three general types of behavioral techniques. One type involved restriction of movement of the intact upper extremity through the use of a device that left the deafferented limb free (Knapp, Taub, & Berman, 1963;Stein & Carpenter, 1965). Use of the deafferented limb would usually begin within an hour of emplacing the restriction device, typically for postural support while the animal was in a sitting position.…”

Section: Experiments With Deafferented Monkeysmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Operant Approach to Rehabilitation Medicine: Overcoming Learned Nonuse by Shaping

Taub

Crago

Burgio

et al. 1994

J Exper Analysis Behavior

374

253

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A new approach to the rehabilitation of movement, based primarily on the principles of operant conditioning, was derived from research with deafferented monkeys. The analysis suggests that a certain proportion of excess motor disability after certain types of injury involves a learned suppression of movement and may be termed learned nonuse. Learned nonuse can be overcome by changing the contingencies of reinforcement so that they strongly favor use of an affected upper extremity in the chronic postinjury situation. The techniques employed here involved 2 weeks of restricting movement of the opposite (unaffected) extremity and training of the affected limb. Initial work with humans has been with chronic stroke patients for whom the approach has yielded large improvements in motor ability and functional independence. We report here preliminary data suggesting that shaping with verbal feedback further enhances the motor recovery.Key words: shaping, training, restriction, somatosensory deafferentation, stroke, rehabilitation medicine, impaired movement, monkeys, humans This article describes a new approach to the rehabilitation of movement in physical medicine. It is based in its essential features on the principles of operant conditioning. It is fitting that it appear in a tribute to Joseph V. Brady, because he persuasively endorsed the relevance and importance of applying the principles of the experimental analysis of behavior to new areas and in this way strongly influenced the development of this work. Experiments with Deafferented MonkeysAlthough the present approach is fundamentally behavioral, the original observations were made in the context of studies of the neurophysiology of motor control and the role of sensory feedback in movement and learning. The spinal nerves, which are fundamental for these functions, emerge from the spinal cord in two roots. The dorsal root is sensory. Thus, animal-research enterprise, responded by saying, to quote him, "They will get those monkeys over my dead body." As a result, the monkeys were preserved so that significant experiments could be carried out (Pons et al., 1991;Rausell, Cusick, Taub, & Jones, 1992). These experiments will not be described here because their subject matter is not directly relevant to the main theme of this paper, but there is widespread recognition of their potential practical importance for the fields of cortical plasticity and physical rehabilitation (Barinaga, 1992;Palca, 1991;Stephens, 1991). Thus, Joe Brady resisted pressure that very few could have withstood, and thereby achieved a significant victory for animal research on several levels. However, his role in this incident is largely unknown. He is an unsung hero. It is hoped that this account will help to some extent to begin to rectify this situation.

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Effects of Dorsal Rhizotomy Upon Subthalamic Dyskinesia in the Monkey

Cited by 24 publications

References 36 publications

The Morphology of Spinal Afferent-Efferent Relationships in Vertebrates

The Morphology of Spinal Afferent-Efferent Relationships in Vertebrates

The response of the tremor of patients with Parkinsonism to peripheral nerve stimulation.

An Operant Approach to Rehabilitation Medicine: Overcoming Learned Nonuse by Shaping

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