Effects of down-regulating ornithine decarboxylase upon putrescine-associated metabolism and growth in<i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>L.

Dalton, Heidi L.; Blomstedt, Cecilia K.; Neale, Alan; Gleadow, Roslyn M.; DeBoer, Kathleen D.; Hamill, John D.

doi:10.1093/jxb/erw166

Cited by 34 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 93 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…LA plants with the highest total polyamine content showed the most severe impairment of leaf maturation, characterized by weak senescence, a higher chlorophyll content, and more leaf mesophyll cells per unit area (Figure 1 2005). ODC is the main enzyme responsible for putrescine biosynthesis in tobacco roots and plays a key role in the production of nicotine and the overall alkaloid profile (Chintapakorn & Hamill, 2007;Dalton et al, 2016;DeBoer et al, 2011DeBoer et al, , 2013. Topping of tobacco plants allows the crop to reach its full yield and quality potential at harvest and leads to increased activity of ODC and several enzymes in the nicotine biosynthesis pathway, including putrescine methyltransferase and quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase, in tobacco roots 24-48 hr after topping (Mizusaki, Tanabe, Noguchi, & Tamaki, 1973;Saunders & Bush, 1979 where ADC rather than ODC is responsible for putrescine biosynthesis (Figure 4a), DFMO treatment resulted in a significantly higher total polyamine content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that the ADC route to putrescine has only a minor effect on the alkaloid profile of tobacco whereas the ODC pathway plays the major role in nicotine biosynthesis (Chintapakorn & Hamill, 2007;Dalton et al, 2016;DeBoer, Dalton, Edward, & Hamill, 2011;DeBoer, Dalton, Edward, Ryan, & Hamill, 2013). Putrescine is converted to spermidine and then spermine by the successive addition of aminopropyl groups derived from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), in reactions catalyzed by the enzymes spermidine synthase and spermine synthase, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most plants, putrescine can be synthesized either directly from ornithine by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) or from arginine via three enzymatic steps, initiated by arginine decarboxylase (ADC; Illingworth et al, 2003;Michael, Furze, Rhodes, & Burtin, 1996;Piotrowski, Janowitz, & Kneifel, 2003). Previous studies have demonstrated that the ADC route to putrescine has only a minor effect on the alkaloid profile of tobacco whereas the ODC pathway plays the major role in nicotine biosynthesis (Chintapakorn & Hamill, 2007;Dalton et al, 2016;DeBoer, Dalton, Edward, & Hamill, 2011;DeBoer, Dalton, Edward, Ryan, & Hamill, 2013). Putrescine is converted to spermidine and then spermine by the successive addition of aminopropyl groups derived from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), in reactions catalyzed by the enzymes spermidine synthase and spermine synthase, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polyamines delay leaf maturation in low‐alkaloid tobacco varieties

et al. 2018

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The development of low-alkaloid (LA) tobacco varieties is an important target in the tobacco breeding industry. However, LA Burley 21 plants, in which the Nic1 and Nic2 loci controlling nicotine biosynthesis are deleted, are characterized by impaired leaf maturation that leads to poor leaf quality before and after curing. K E Y W O R D Sethylene, inhibition of biosynthesis, maturation, nic1/nic2 mutation, nicotine, ornithine

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polyamines delay leaf maturation in low‐alkaloid tobacco varieties

et al. 2018

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“…Effective gene transfer procedures in many plant species have enabled DNA disruption, RNAi-mediated or viral-induced gene silencing protocols to be developed for researchers wishing to study the role of any given gene in a developmental or biochemical process (e.g., [166] and references therein). Transformation procedures have been reported for some resurrection species, such as the well-studied dicotyledenous species C. plantagineum [167] and also L. brevidens [168].…”

Section: Direct Dna Manipulation Of Desiccation-related Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Desiccation Tolerance and its Regulation in the Foliage of Resurrection “Flowering-Plant” Species

et al. 2018

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Abstract:The majority of flowering-plant species can survive complete air-dryness in their seed and/or pollen. Relatively few species ('resurrection plants') express this desiccation tolerance in their foliage. Knowledge of the regulation of desiccation tolerance in resurrection plant foliage is reviewed. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanism in resurrection grasses may lead to identification of genes that can improve stress tolerance and yield of major crop species. Well-hydrated leaves of resurrection plants are desiccation-sensitive and the leaves become desiccation tolerant as they are drying. Such drought-induction of desiccation tolerance involves changes in gene-expression causing extensive changes in the complement of proteins and the transition to a highly-stable quiescent state lasting months to years. These changes in gene-expression are regulated by several interacting phytohormones, of which drought-induced abscisic acid (ABA) is particularly important in some species. Treatment with only ABA induces desiccation tolerance in vegetative tissue of Borya constricta Churchill. and Craterostigma plantagineum Hochstetter. but not in the resurrection grass Sporobolus stapfianus Gandoger. Suppression of drought-induced senescence is also important for survival of drying. Further research is needed on the triggering of the induction of desiccation tolerance, on the transition between phases of protein synthesis and on the role of the phytohormone, strigolactone and other potential xylem-messengers during drying and rehydration.

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“…The development of molecular biological approaches has been fruitful (5,13,14) but is challenging where the enzymology is completely unknown. An alternative "retro-biosynthetic" approach involves the measurement and interpretation of the natural fractionation in 2 H or 13 C isotopes during the course of biosynthetic reactions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Non-statistical 13C Fractionation Distinguishes Co-incident and Divergent Steps in the Biosynthesis of the Alkaloids Nicotine and Tropine

Romek

Remaud

Silvestre

et al. 2016

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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During the biosynthesis of natural products, isotopic fractionation occurs due to the selectivity of enzymes for the heavier or lighter isotopomers. As only some of the positions in the molecule are implicated in a given reaction mechanism, positionspecific fractionation occurs, leading to a non-statistical distribution of isotopes. This can be accessed by isotope ratio monitoring 13 C NMR spectrometry. The solanaceous alkaloids S-(؊)-nicotine and hyoscyamine (atropine) are related in having a common intermediate, but downstream enzymatic steps diverge, providing a relevant test case to: (a) elucidate the isotopic affiliation between carbon atoms in the alkaloids and those in the precursors; (b) obtain information about the kinetic isotope effects of as yet undescribed enzymes, thus to make predictions as to their possible mechanism(s). We show that the position-specific 13 C/ 12 C ratios in the different moieties of these compounds can satisfactorily be related to their known precursors and to the known kinetic isotope effects of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis, or to similar reaction mechanisms. Thus, the pathway to the common intermediate, Nmethyl-⌬ 1 -pyrrolinium, is seen to introduce similar isotope distribution patterns in the two alkaloids independent of plant species, whereas the remaining atoms of each target compound, which are of different origins, reflect their specific metabolic ancestry. We further demonstrate that the measured 13 C distribution pattern can be used to deduce aspects of the reaction mechanism of enzymes still to be identified.Members of the plant family Solanaceae produce a range of alkaloids derived from L-ornithine or L-lysine, several of which are exploited for their recreational and/or pharmaceutical properties, despite their toxicity. S-(Ϫ)-Nicotine, the principle alkaloid of Nicotiana tabacum L. and related species has a long history of use for recreational and ethnopharmaceutical applications. Considered a component of the defensive chemical array of the genus Nicotiana (1, 2), nicotine was widely exploited as an insecticide, eventually being phased out as less toxic neonicotinoids became available. Within a closely related group of plants occurs the tropane alkaloids, of which atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine (hyoscine) have a history of use in mystical ceremonies (3). These compounds are now extensively used in modern medicine, atropine and hyoscyamine as mydriatic agents, scopolamine as an anti-emetic for controlling travel sickness.For both these alkaloid types, the biosynthetic pathways have been extensively investigated at the metabolic, enzymatic, and genetic levels (4, 5). Despite superficial structural dissimilarities, the pyrrolidine moiety of nicotine and tropine (of which atropine or hyoscyamine is the tropoyl ester) have a common precursor in L-ornithine, and share four enzymatic steps to the intermediate N-methyl-⌬

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Effects of down-regulating ornithine decarboxylase upon putrescine-associated metabolism and growth inNicotiana tabacumL.

Abstract: HighlightRNAi-mediated reduction of ornithine decarboxylase gene activity in tobacco has negative effects on plant growth and leads to widespread alterations in primary and secondary metabolism, particularly in wounded plants.

Cited by 34 publications

References 93 publications

Polyamines delay leaf maturation in low‐alkaloid tobacco varieties

Polyamines delay leaf maturation in low‐alkaloid tobacco varieties

Plant Desiccation Tolerance and its Regulation in the Foliage of Resurrection “Flowering-Plant” Species

Non-statistical 13C Fractionation Distinguishes Co-incident and Divergent Steps in the Biosynthesis of the Alkaloids Nicotine and Tropine

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