Effects of Drainage and Severe Defoliation on the Rawfiber Content of Balsam Fir Needles and Growth of the Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Bauce, Éric; Hardy, Yvan

doi:10.1093/ee/17.4.671

Cited by 16 publications

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“…An increase in raw fibre foliar content (i.e. lignin, silica, pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) may be the cause of this result because it negatively affects larval survival of spruce budworm (Bauce & Hardy, 1988) as well as larch budmoth ( Zeiraphera diniana (Gn.) (Benz, 1974).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of bud phenology and foliage chemistry of balsam fir and white spruce trees on the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana

Carisey

Bauce

Dupont

et al. 2004

Agri and Forest Entomology

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1 Efficacy of commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki (Btk) against spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana was investigated in mixed balsam fir-white spruce stands. Btk treatments were scheduled to coincide with early flaring of balsam fir shoots, and later with flaring of white spruce shoots. Btk efficacy on the two host trees was compared and examined according to the foliar content of nutrients and allelochemicals and the insect developmental stage at the time of spray. 2 Larvae fed white spruce foliage were less vulnerable to Btk ingestion than larvae fed balsam fir foliage. Higher larval survival on white spruce, observed 10 days after spray, was related to higher foliage content in tannins and a lower N/ tannins ratio, which might have induced inactivation of Btk toxins. 3 Larval mortality due to Btk did not depend on spruce budworm larval age. 4 Foliage protection of both host trees was similar in plots treated with Btk:larval mortality due to Btk treatment reduced insect grazing pressure on balsam fir trees; meanwhile, suitability of white spruce foliage seemed to decrease very rapidly, which induced high larval mortality among spruce budworm fed on white spruce trees. Nevertheless, following Btk sprays, 50% more foliage remained on white spruce than on balsam fir trees, because of the higher white spruce foliage production. 5 Both spray timings achieved similar protection of white spruce trees, but Btk treatments had to be applied as early as possible (i.e. during the flaring of balsam fir shoots to optimally protect balsam fir trees in mixed balsam fir-white spruce stands).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of bud phenology and foliage chemistry of balsam fir and white spruce trees on the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana

Carisey

Bauce

Dupont

et al. 2004

Agri and Forest Entomology

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“…Because this reproduction already occupies the site, little if any advantage (in an evolutionary sense) would be gained for the short-lived overstory trees by investing in chemical defenses. Further, although evidence is conclusive that defoliators, including eastern budworm, respond negatively to increases in the raw fiber content of foliage (Baitensweiler andothers 1977, Bauce andHardy 1988), no evidence, to my knowledge, suggests that balsam fir trees vary systematically in their inherent tendency to increase this property in response to defoliation.…”

Section: Eastern Budwormmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…These authors suggested that one responsible factor may be a microsporidian disease. Results presented in Bauce and Hardy (1988) show that increases in raw fiber content as a result of prior defoliation by the eastern budworm could also be a major factor contributing to an apparent increase in pesticide effectiveness.…”

Section: 252mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, changes in foliar quality deleterious to the eastern budworm can also be associated with defoliation. For example, Bauce and Hardy (1988) have shown that defoliation by the eastern budworm was related to increase in raw fiber, and that these increases resulted in lower pupal weight and larval survival. Clearly, much of the increased late-instar mortality from unknown causes found toward the end of an eastern budworm outbreak by Neilson (1963) and Reske 129 (1985), and termed "the fifth agent" by Royama (1984) could have been induced largely by such foliar changes.…”

Section: Density and Induced Host Defensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population dynamics of the major North American needle-eating budworms.

Campbell¹

1993

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Data from six western States provided 1,251 life tables representing western spruce budworm, Chodstoneura occidentalis Freeman. These data provided projection capabilities for defoliation and successive budworm densities, as well as a basis for comparing survival rates among the three principal North American needle-eating budworms (western and eastern spruce budworms, and the jack pine budworm). Several modifications are suggested in current methods for managing budworm-susceptible forests, and suggestions are provided for further studies on the budworm life systems.Keywords: Western spruce budworm, eastern spruce budworm, jack pine budworm, life table, population dynamics, survival, site and stand attributes, interstand influences, year-to-year changes, insecticide treatment, weather, Choristoneura, predators, birds, ants, density dependence, host defenses, hazard rating. Extended, AbstractThe data for this study were collected between 1959 and 1988 from nine projects in six western States (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico). This data base provided both 1,251 life tables and hundreds of additional survival-rate fragments representing populations of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman. These data were analyzed to produce projection capabilities for defoliation and successive budworm densities (eggs, nominal fourth instars, emerging moths, and egg masses) as functions of preceding density, site and stand attributes, interstand influences, systematic year-to-year changes in survival, recent insecticide treatment, and weather. Some of these results were then used to compare survival rates in western spruce budworm with equivalent rates found in populations of the other principal North American needle-eating budworms--the eastern spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.), and the jack pine budworm, C. pinus Freeman.Across an outbreak, generation survival shows similar declines in the three budworms. For example, in each of the three budworm life systems, predation processes appear to be paramount in maintaining sparse densities. More specifically, in innocuous western spruce budworm populations, the combined effects of predaceous birds and ants provide a low stable equilibrium that can maintain populations at low densities indefinitely, at least in the Pacific Northwest. Apparently, the combined effects of these predators on large larvae and pupae is highest when budworm density reaches about one or two fourth instars per m 2 of foliage. From this density to about 50 fourth instars per m 2, average survival from fourth instar to adults increases with increasing density, then declines again (from processes that are not usually related to predation) as density continues to increase. Trends in all three species also are heavily influenced by density-related mass flights by gravid moths.Other comparisons, however, show that the three life systems differ in some fundamental ways. For example, across a multiyear outbreak, drastic density-dependent reductions oc...

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“…and structural components such as sclerenchyma fibers (Huang and Fiihrer 1979;Vincent 1982;Mattson and Scriber 1987). Bauce and Hardy (1988) reported that increased raw fiber content of current-year balsam fir foliage was related to spruce budworm defoliation during the 2 preceding years, and caused decreases in budworm pupal body mass, larval developmental rate, and survival. Additionally, components of leaf toughness may increase following heavy herbivory.…”

Section: Relationship Of Budworm Performance To Host Foliar Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exotic Birch-Leafmining Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in Alberta: Distributions, Seasonal Activities, and the Potential for Competition

1997

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The Canadian Entomologist 129: 291-318 (1997) Synchrony of insect and host tree phenologies has often been suggested as an important factor influencing the susceptibility of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and other hosts to the spruce budworm, Choristoneura furniferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). We evaluated this hypothesis by caging several cohorts of spruce budworm larvae on three white spruce populations at different phenological stages of the host trees, and then comparing budworm performance with host phenology and variation of 13 foliar traits. The beginning of the phenological window of susceptibility in white spruce occurs several weeks prior to budbreak, and the end of the window is sharply defined by the end of shoot growth. Performance was high for the earliest budworm cohorts that we tested. These larvae began feeding 3-4 weeks prior to budbreak and completed their larval development prior to the end of shoot elongation. Optimal synchrony occurred when emergence preceded budbreak by about 2 weeks. Larval survival was greater than 60% for individuals starting development 1-3 weeks prior to budbreak, but decreased to less than 10% for those starting development 2 or more weeks after budbreak and thus completing development after shoot elongation ceased. High performance by the budworm was most strongly correlated with high levels of foliar nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, copper, sugars, and water and low levels of foliar calcium, phenolics, and toughness. These results suggest that advancing the usual phenological window of white s p i c e (i.e. advancing budbreak prior to l&al emergence) or retarding budworm phenology can have a large negative effect on the spruce budworm's population dynamics. Lawrence, R.K., W.J. Mattson et R.A. Haack. 1997. L'kpinette blanche et la Tordeuse des bourgeons de I'kpinette: Comment dkfinir la fen&tre phknologique de la sensibilitk. The Canadian Entomologist 129: 291-3 18. Resume Le synchronisme de laphenologie d'un insecte et de celle de son h6te est souvent invoqut pour expliquer la sensibilitk de 1'Cpinette blanche, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, et d'autres arbres h6tes B la Tordeuse des bourgeons de I'Cpinette, Choristoneura furniferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Nous avons CtudiC la validit6 de cette hypothbse en encageant plusieurs cohortes de larves de la tordeuse sur trois populations d'Cpinettes blanches A divers stades phCnologiques; nous avons ensuite observC la performance des tordeuses en fonction de la phCnologie des h6tes et en fonction de 13 caractkristiques foliaires. Le debut de la pCriode de sensibilitk de 1'Cpinette se produit plusieurs semaines avant 1'Cclosion des bourgeons et la fin de la pCriode arrive abruptement, B la fin de la croissance des rameaux. La performance s'est avCrCe trbs bonne chez les cohortes les plus hstives de tordeuses que nous avons testCes. Les larves ont commenct B se nourrir 3-4 semaines avant 1'Cclosion des bourgeons et avaient complCtC leur dCveloppement avant la fin de la croissance des...

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Effects of Drainage and Severe Defoliation on the Rawfiber Content of Balsam Fir Needles and Growth of the Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of bud phenology and foliage chemistry of balsam fir and white spruce trees on the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana

Effects of bud phenology and foliage chemistry of balsam fir and white spruce trees on the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana

Population dynamics of the major North American needle-eating budworms.

Exotic Birch-Leafmining Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in Alberta: Distributions, Seasonal Activities, and the Potential for Competition

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