Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid<i>versus</i>α-linolenic acid supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Chen, Hengying; Deng, Guifang; Zhou, Quan; Chu, Xinwei; Su, Mengyang; Wei, Yuanhuan; Li, Liping; Zhang, Zheqing

doi:10.1039/c9fo03052b

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless, the commercial feeds for dogs vary greatly in their EPA and DHA content, with some feeds having almost negligible or very low amounts of these fatty acids (Ahlstrøm et al., 2004). Besides, because labelling legislations do not clearly distinguish between the two groups of n‐3 PUFAs, that is n‐3 short‐ versus long‐chain (Turchini et al., 2012), some feed labels claim to be rich in n‐3 fatty acids, even though they contain only short‐chain PUFAs that are not directly linked to health benefits (Chen et al., 2020). For example many commercial feeds for dogs are supplemented with vegetable oils such as flaxseed oil (FSO), canola oil, walnut oil and soybean oil that can only provide dogs with the short‐chain n‐3 FAs, ALA (Lenox, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced omega‐3 index after long‐ versus short‐chain omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation in dogs

Dominguez

Kaur

Burri

2020

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background The Omega‐3 Index is a test that measures the amount of the long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in red blood cell membranes, which is expressed as a percentage of all fatty acids. However, alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) from flaxseed oil, which is a short‐chain n‐3 PUFA, is often promoted in pet feed as a n‐3 source, implicitly assuming it is an effective precursor of EPA and DHA. Objective This study was aimed to compare the effect of supplementation with a plant‐based short‐chain n‐3 PUFA source (flaxseed oil, FSO) with a marine long‐chain n‐3 PUFA source (astaxanthin krill oil, AKO) to increase the Omega‐3 Index in dogs. Methods Ten adult Alaskan Huskies of both genders were supplemented daily with 1,155 mg of EPA/DHA from AKO, whereas another 10 dogs received 1,068 mg ALA from flaxseed oil for 6 weeks. Fatty acid and Omega‐3 Index measurements of the two groups were taken after 0, 3 and 6 weeks for comparison. Results The EPA and DHA concentrations increased significantly only in the dogs fed with AKO resulting in a significant increase in mean Omega‐3 Index, from 1.68% at baseline to 2.7% after 6 weeks of supplementation (p < .0001). On the contrary, both EPA and DHA concentrations decreased significantly in the dogs fed with FSO, which led to a significant decrease in mean Omega‐3 Index from 1.6% at baseline to 0.96% at study end (p < .0001). Conclusions The results showed that supplementation of AKO from Antarctic krill led to a significant increase in the Omega‐3 Index in comparison to FSO in dogs. This suggests that preformed marine EPA and DHA sources are needed in dog feeds, as the dietary requirements proposed by feed industry organizations are not met with conversion from short‐chain n‐3 fatty acids.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced omega‐3 index after long‐ versus short‐chain omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation in dogs

Dominguez

Kaur

Burri

2020

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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“…Several previous RCTs have compared EPA/DHA and ALA on lipid/lipoprotein concentrations and reported inconsistent findings. A recent meta-analysis of RCTs compared the effects of ALA and EPA/DHA supplementation with placebo on cardiometabolic risk factors ( 65 ). Participants in the ALA arms had a modest LDL cholesterol reduction compared with placebo, whereas those in the EPA/DHA groups experienced a greater reduction in TGs and a greater increase in HDL cholesterol, but also of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol than ALA ( Table 2 ).…”

Section: Current Status Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of α-Linolenic Acid, the Vegetable ω-3 Fatty Acid, on Cardiovascular Disease and Cognition

Sala‐Vila

Fleming

Kris‐Etherton

et al. 2022

Advances in Nutrition

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Given the evidence of the health benefits of plant-based diets and long-chain n-3 fatty acids, there is keen interest in better understanding the role of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a plant-derived n-3 fatty acid, on cardiometabolic diseases and cognition. There is increasing evidence for ALA largely based on its major food sources (i.e., walnuts and flaxseed); however, this lags behind our understanding of long-chain n-3 fatty acids. Meta-analyses of observational studies have shown that increasing dietary ALA is associated with a 10% lower risk of total cardiovascular disease and a 20% reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease. Three randomized controlled trials (AlphaOmega trial, Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea [PREDIMED] trial, and Lyon Diet Heart Study) all showed benefits of diets high in ALA on cardiovascular-related outcomes, but the AlphaOmega trial, designed to specifically evaluate ALA effects, only showed a trend for benefit. Randomized controlled trials have shown that dietary ALA reduced total cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure, and epidemiological studies and some trials also have shown an anti-inflammatory effect of ALA; which collectively account for, in part, the cardiovascular benefits of ALA. A meta-analysis reported a trend toward diabetes risk reduction with both dietary and biomarker ALA. For metabolic syndrome and obesity, the evidence for ALA benefits is inconclusive. The role of ALA in cognition is in the early stages but shows promising evidence of counteracting cognitive impairment. Much has been learned about the health benefits of ALA and with additional research we will be better positioned to make strong evidence-based dietary recommendations for the reduction of many chronic diseases.

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“…As a matter of fact, after our paper published, lots of studies, in which I 2 was used to evaluate the heterogeneity and/or select the statistical model, were newly published in many peer-reviewed journals. 4–21 As described by Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, the decision between fixed- and random-effects meta-analyses has been the subject of much debate, and it's hard to provide a universal recommendation. 2 Therefore, how to evaluate the heterogeneity and select a statistical model are actual academic issues.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reply to “Comment on ‘Efficacy of ginseng and its ingredients as adjuvants to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer’” by H. W. Lee, L. Ang and M. S. Lee, Food Funct., 2022, 13, DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01914g.

et al. 2022

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Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acidversusα-linolenic acid supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract: Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) made direct comparisons between EPA/DHA versus ALA on improving cardiovascular risk factors and have reached inconsistent findings.

Cited by 26 publications

References 63 publications

Enhanced omega‐3 index after long‐ versus short‐chain omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation in dogs

Enhanced omega‐3 index after long‐ versus short‐chain omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation in dogs

Impact of α-Linolenic Acid, the Vegetable ω-3 Fatty Acid, on Cardiovascular Disease and Cognition

Reply to “Comment on ‘Efficacy of ginseng and its ingredients as adjuvants to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer’” by H. W. Lee, L. Ang and M. S. Lee, Food Funct., 2022, 13, DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01914g.

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