Effects of Elevated CO&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt; and O&lt;SUB&gt;3&lt;/SUB&gt; on a Variant of the Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Schroeder, Jared B.; Gray, Michael E.; Ratcliffe, Susan T.; Estes, Ronald E.; Long, Stephen P.

doi:10.1603/0046-225x-35.3.637

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…4). Our results suggest that changes of CystPI activity produced in plants grown under elevated CO 2 increased the digestive proteinase activity in the guts of herbivores by improving foliage digestibility for adult JB and WCR and enhancing their performance (19)(20)(21).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…The Japanese beetle (JB; Popillia japonica Newman: Coleoptera), a broadly polyphagous species introduced into the United States in 1916 and now expanding its range throughout the Midwest, feeds on Ϸ300 species of wild and cultivated plants in 79 families; soybeans are among its many host plants (18). Elevated CO 2 increased herbivory and oviposition by both JB and WCR in soybean grown in FACE experiments (19)(20)(21). Although sugars can stimulate feeding in JB (18), higher carbohydrate levels in leaves did not account for changes in preference or fecundity of this species (21), leaving open the possibility that plant chemical defenses, such as CystPIs, may mediate these changes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Anthropogenic increase in carbon dioxide compromises plant defense against invasive insects

Zavala

Casteel

DeLucia

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

200

163

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Elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), a consequence of anthropogenic global change, can profoundly affect the interactions between crop plants and insect pests and may promote yet another form of global change: the rapid establishment of invasive species. Elevated CO 2 increased the susceptibility of soybean plants grown under field conditions to the invasive Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica ) and to a variant of western corn rootworm ( Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ) resistant to crop rotation by down-regulating gene expression related to defense signaling [lipoxygenase 7 ( lox7 ), lipoxygenase 8 ( lox8 ), and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase ( acc-s )]. The down-regulation of these genes, in turn, reduced the production of cysteine proteinase inhibitors (CystPIs), which are specific deterrents to coleopteran herbivores. Beetle herbivory increased CystPI activity to a greater degree in plants grown under ambient than under elevated CO 2 . Gut cysteine proteinase activity was higher in beetles consuming foliage of soybeans grown under elevated CO 2 than in beetles consuming soybeans grown in ambient CO 2 , consistent with enhanced growth and development of these beetles on plants grown in elevated CO 2 . These findings suggest that predicted increases in soybean productivity under projected elevated CO 2 levels may be reduced by increased susceptibility to invasive crop pests.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic increase in carbon dioxide compromises plant defense against invasive insects

Zavala

Casteel

DeLucia

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

200

163

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“…Some populations of western corn rootworm circumvent this crop rotation strategy by ovipositing in soybean fields (Onstad et al 2003;Crowder et al 2005), and nutritional stress increases the oviposition rate of western corn rootworm (Mabry et al 2004). Soybean foliage is not an optimal food for western corn rootworm, and higher C:N of soybeans in elevated CO 2 relative to ambient air may have increased nutritional stress, thereby increasing the number of eggs (Schroeder et al 2006). Although CO 2 is an attractant for western corn rootworm larvae in soil, the adult rootworms are not attracted to CO 2 (Bernklau and Bjostad 1998;Hammack and Petroski 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on leaf damage and insect abundance in a soybean agroecosystem

Dermody

O’Neill

Zangerl

et al. 2008

Arthropod-Plant Interactions

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By altering myriad aspects of leaf chemistry, increasing concentrations of CO 2 and O 3 in the atmosphere derived from human activities may fundamentally alter the relationships between insect herbivores and plants. Because exposure to elevated CO 2 can alter the nutritional value of leaves, some herbivores may increase consumption rates to compensate. The effects of O 3 on leaf nutritional quality are less clear; however, increased senescence may also reduce leaf quality for insect herbivores. Additionally, changes in secondary chemistry and the microclimate of leaves may render plants more susceptible to herbivory in elevated CO 2 and O 3 . Damage to soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves and the size and composition of the insect community in the plant canopy were examined in large intact plots exposed to elevated CO 2 (*550 lmol mol -1 ) and elevated O 3 (1.2*ambient) in a fully factorial design with a Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment system (SoyFACE). Leaf area removed by folivorous insects was estimated by digital photography and insect surveys were conducted during two consecutive growing seasons, 2003 and 2004. Elevated CO 2 alone and in combination with O 3 increased the number of insects and the amount of leaf area removed by insect herbivores across feeding guilds. Exposure to elevated CO 2 significantly increased the number of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera) adults (foliage chewer) and soybean aphids (Aphis glycines; phloem feeder). No consistent effect of elevated O 3 on herbivory or insect population size was detected. Increased loss of leaf area to herbivores was associated with increased carbon-tonitrogen ratio and leaf surface temperature. Soybean aphids are invasive pests in North America and new to this ecosystem. Higher concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere may increase herbivory in the soybean agroecosystem, particularly by recently introduced insect herbivores.

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“…ECO 2 increased leaf JA and JA‐Ile concentrations and probably induced flavonoid production (Huang et al ). ECO 2 increased the feeding and fecundity of Japanese beetle ( P. japonica ) (Hamilton et al ; O'Neill et al ) and western corn rootworm ( Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ) (Schroeder et al ; Zavala et al ) feeding on soybean ( G. max ) in FACE trials, and this was associated with downregulated levels of JA biosynthetic genes LOX7 , LOX8 , allene oxide synthase ( AOS ), and allene oxide cyclase ( AOC ), the ET biosynthetic gene ACS (Casteel et al ; Zavala et al ), and the expression of cysteine proteinase inhibito r, chalcone synthase , and polyphenol oxidase (Casteel et al ). However, the exact quantification of phytohormone levels and genetic analyses on whether changes in phytohormones account for ECO 2 ‐affected plant defenses are still needed for better understanding the mechanisms underlying plant‐lepidopteran insect interactions in the context of the global atmospheric CO 2 increase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated CO₂ differentially affects tobacco and rice defense against lepidopteran larvae via the jasmonic acid signaling pathway

Hettenhausen

et al. 2018

JIPB

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Atmospheric CO levels are rapidly increasing due to human activities. However, the effects of elevated CO (ECO ) on plant defense against insects and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that ECO increased the photosynthetic rates and the biomass of tobacco and rice plants, and the chewing lepidopteran insects Spodoptera litura and Mythimna separata gained less and more mass on tobacco and rice plants, respectively. Consistently, under ECO , the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), the main phytohormone controlling plant defense against these lepidopteran insects, as well as the main defense-related metabolites, were increased and decreased in insect-damaged tobacco and rice plants. Importantly, bioassays and quantification of defense-related metabolites in tobacco and rice silenced in JA biosynthesis and perception indicate that ECO changes plant resistance mainly by affecting the JA pathway. We further demonstrate that the defensive metabolites, but not total N or protein, are the main factors contributing to the altered defense levels under ECO . This study illustrates that ECO changes the interplay between plants and insects, and we propose that crops should be studied for their resistance to the major pests under ECO to predict the impact of ECO on future agroecosystems.

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Effects of Elevated CO<SUB>2</SUB> and O<SUB>3</SUB> on a Variant of the Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Cited by 15 publications

References 32 publications

Anthropogenic increase in carbon dioxide compromises plant defense against invasive insects

Anthropogenic increase in carbon dioxide compromises plant defense against invasive insects

Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on leaf damage and insect abundance in a soybean agroecosystem

Elevated CO₂ differentially affects tobacco and rice defense against lepidopteran larvae via the jasmonic acid signaling pathway

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Effects of Elevated CO<SUB>2</SUB> and O<SUB>3</SUB> on a Variant of the Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Cited by 15 publications

References 32 publications

Anthropogenic increase in carbon dioxide compromises plant defense against invasive insects

Anthropogenic increase in carbon dioxide compromises plant defense against invasive insects

Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on leaf damage and insect abundance in a soybean agroecosystem

Elevated CO2 differentially affects tobacco and rice defense against lepidopteran larvae via the jasmonic acid signaling pathway

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Elevated CO₂ differentially affects tobacco and rice defense against lepidopteran larvae via the jasmonic acid signaling pathway