Effects of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> on cellular mechanisms, growth and development of trees with particular reference to hybrid poplar

Taylor, Gail; Gardner, Simon; Bosac, C.; Flowers, T. J.; Crookshanks, Meg; Dolan, Liam

doi:10.1093/forestry/68.4.379

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The interaction of these two responses to FACE – larger leaf cells and increased cell numbers is still unclear as is the exact mechanisms of control. Both processes may be sensitive to the solute or carbon status of the plant cell since cell expansion is driven by cell turgor pressure and increased vacuolar solutes could result in enhanced turgor, wall loosening and growth (Ferris & Taylor 1994a; Taylor et al 1995). It is also probable that FACE had an effect on wall structure, with changes in wall polysaccharides likely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leaf growth is also highly responsive to the environment, including the supply of atmospheric CO 2 . Carbon dioxide is known, in many instances, to cause a stimulation in the rate of leaf expansion (Ferris & Taylor 1994a) and whole‐plant leaf area development (Taylor et al 1994, 1995; Pritchard et al 1999), but to have a lesser effect on leaf initiation. Both processes determining the growth of leaves, cell production and expansion, appear to be sensitive to atmospheric CO 2 (Ferris & Taylor 1994b; Ranasinghe & Taylor 1996; Kinsman et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Leaf area is stimulated in Populus by free air CO₂ enrichment (POPFACE), through increased cell expansion and production

Ferris

Sabatti

Miglietta

et al. 2001

Plant Cell & Environment

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114

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The effects of free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on leaf growth in Populus, was studied. For the first time in field conditions, both the production and expansion of leaf cells were shown to be sensitive to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Leaf area expansion rate and final leaf size were stimulated under FACE for three species (Populus x euramericana (I‐214), P. nigra (Jean Pourtet) and P. alba (2AS‐11), with the largest effect observed for P. x euramericana (61%). In this species and in P. nigra, both epidermal cell size and cell number were increased, whereas for P. alba, only cell production was increased in FACE. Two findings suggest that changes in the cell wall may be important in explaining larger leaf cells in FACE: (i) Leaf cell wall extensibility of rapidly growing leaves increased in all species in FACE; and (ii) an increase in xyloglucan endotransglycosylase activity, a cell wall‐loosening enzyme, was increased in FACE and associated with leaf growth rate. The results suggest that the mechanisms by which FACE promotes leaf growth differ, depending on species. Despite this, increases in final leaf size provide an important component driving increased biomass accumulation in POPFACE, during this first year of rapid growth, prior to canopy closure. The question as to whether these effects are the result of a direct response to CO2, or are driven indirectly through substrate availability remains unresolved, although evidence from the literature suggests that the latter mechanism is most likely.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf area is stimulated in Populus by free air CO₂ enrichment (POPFACE), through increased cell expansion and production

Ferris

Sabatti

Miglietta

et al. 2001

Plant Cell & Environment

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114

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“…We need to understand the relative contributions of increased cell division and enhanced cell expansion in stimulating root system growth in CO # -enriched atmospheres Taylor et al, 1995 ;Crookshanks et al, 1998). Kinsman et al (1997) reported that increased root growth in Dactylis glomerata resulted from a greater proportion of dividing cells in the apical meristem.…”

Section: Cell Divisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The factors that regulate cell division and expansion have recently been discussed in a general sense (Cosgrove, 1993(Cosgrove, , 1997Jacobs, 1997) and also in the context of increasing atmospheric [CO # ] Taylor et al, 1994 ;Pritchard et al, 1999). We need to understand the relative contributions of increased cell division and enhanced cell expansion in stimulating root system growth in CO # enriched atmospheres Taylor et al, 1995 ;Crookshanks et al, 1998). Kinsman et al (1997) reported that increased root growth in Dactylis glomerata resulted from a greater proportion of dividing cells in the apical meristem.…”

Section: Cell Divisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal deployment of crop roots in CO₂‐enriched environments

2000

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 Growth of crops in CO# -enriched atmospheres typically results in significant changes in root growth and development. Increased root carbohydrates stimulate root growth either directly (functioning as substrates) or indirectly (functioning as signal molecules) by enhancing cell division or cell expansion, or both. Although highly variable, the literature suggests that, generally, initiation and stimulation of lateral roots is favored over the elongation of primary roots, leading to more highly branched, shallower root systems. Such architectural shifts can render root systems less efficient, perhaps contributing to the lower specific root activities often reported. Allocation of carbon (C) to roots fluctuates through the life of the plant ; root functional and growth responses should therefore not be viewed as static. In annual crops, C allocation to belowground processes changes as vegetative growth switches to reproduction and maturation. Reductions in C allocation to roots over time might cause temporal shifts in root deployment, perhaps affecting root demography. However, significant changes in root turnover (defined here as root flux or mortality relative to total root pool size) as a result of decreased root longevities in crop plants are unlikely. Consideration of changing C allocation to roots, a more thorough understanding of the mechanistic controls on root longevity, and a better characterization of the rooting habits (life histories) of different crop species will further our understanding of how increasing atmospheric [CO # ] will affect root demography. This knowledge will lead the way toward a more thorough understanding of the linkage of atmosphere with belowground plant function and also that of plant function with soil biology and structure. Ultimately, successful modeling of global C and nitrogen (N) cycles will require empirical data concerning spatial and temporal deployment of roots for a range of crop species grown under different agricultural management systems.

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“…Boyer 1968; Wenkert, Lemon, & Sinclair 1978). It is now also recognized that leaf cells can regulate cell wall extensibility and thus the rate of expansion ( Van Volkenburgh & Cleland 1980; Taylor et al 1995 ; Bogoslavsky & Neumann 1998). The elegant data of Boyer showing the effect of water deficit on various physiological processes ( Boyer 1970) focused attention on the vulnerability of leaf expansion to reductions in turgor ( Hsiao 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf expansion – an integrating plant behaviour

Volkenburgh

1999

Plant Cell & Environment

198

126

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Leaves expand to intercept light for photosynthesis, to take up carbon dioxide, and to transpire water for cooling and circulation. The extent to which they expand is determined partly by genetic constraints, and partly by environmental conditions signalling the plant to expand more or less leaf surface area. Leaves have evolved sophisticated sensory mechanisms for detecting these cues and responding with their own growth and function as well as influencing a variety of whole‐plant behaviours. Leaf expansion itself is an integrating behaviour that ultimately determines canopy development and function, allocation of materials determining relative shoot : root volume, and the onset of reproduction. To understand leaf development, and in particular, how leaf expansion is regulated, we must know at the molecular level which biochemical processes accomplish cell growth. Physiological experimentation focusing on ion fluxes across the plasmamembrane is providing new molecular information on how light stimulates cell expansion in some dicotyledonous species. Genetic analyses in Arabidopsis, corn, and other species are rapidly generating a list of mutations and enzyme activities associated with leaf development and expansion. Combination of these approaches, using informed physiological interpretations of phenotypic variation will allow us in the future to identify genes encoding both the processes causing cell expansion, and the regulators of these events.

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Effects of elevated CO₂ on cellular mechanisms, growth and development of trees with particular reference to hybrid poplar

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Leaf area is stimulated in Populus by free air CO₂ enrichment (POPFACE), through increased cell expansion and production

Leaf area is stimulated in Populus by free air CO₂ enrichment (POPFACE), through increased cell expansion and production

Spatial and temporal deployment of crop roots in CO₂‐enriched environments

Leaf expansion – an integrating plant behaviour

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Effects of elevated CO2 on cellular mechanisms, growth and development of trees with particular reference to hybrid poplar

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Leaf area is stimulated in Populus by free air CO2 enrichment (POPFACE), through increased cell expansion and production

Leaf area is stimulated in Populus by free air CO2 enrichment (POPFACE), through increased cell expansion and production

Spatial and temporal deployment of crop roots in CO2‐enriched environments

Leaf expansion – an integrating plant behaviour

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Effects of elevated CO₂ on cellular mechanisms, growth and development of trees with particular reference to hybrid poplar

Leaf area is stimulated in Populus by free air CO₂ enrichment (POPFACE), through increased cell expansion and production

Leaf area is stimulated in Populus by free air CO₂ enrichment (POPFACE), through increased cell expansion and production

Spatial and temporal deployment of crop roots in CO₂‐enriched environments