Effects of environmental complexity on amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock in rats.

Miller, Ralph R.

doi:10.1037/h0029126

Cited by 36 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, it is unclear why that which initially survives disruption of electrochemical transmission then decays (i.e., residual memory is often observed following the administration of ECS, but then decays as a function of the retention interval) (see Miller and Springer 1971). More problematic for consolidation theory is the finding that, with prior extensive exposure to the experimental context, no amnesia at all is observed despite in some instances allowing only 500 msec for the consolidation process (Miller 1970). Despite consolidation rates presumably differing between specific tasks, if establishment of a stable structural-molecular representation of a training event is anywhere near as slow as is assumed by traditional consolidation theory, one would not expect any consolidation to have occurred in <500 msec.…”

Section: Accounts Of Experimental Amnesiamentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The second residual memory effect is that under some circumstances, such as extensive pre-training exposure to the training context (i.e., familiarization), amnestic treatments that radically disrupt ongoing neural transmission fail to produce amnesia under conditions in which amnesia would otherwise be profound (e.g., when the test trial is delayed long after the amnestic treatment) (Lewis et al 1969;Miller 1970). This indicates that a representation of training in a more enduring format than ongoing neural transmission had to have already been established by the time of amnestic treatment.…”

Section: Basic Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They assumed that initial (i.e., synaptic) consolidation occurs in fractions of a second (see Miller 1970), and they accounted for the retrograde amnesia gradients by assuming that a period of time following learning (one that is far longer than is necessary for initial consolidation) is required for completion of processes that determine the efficacy with which the memory can be retrieved. While these processes that are necessary for later retrieval are occurring, they are vulnerable to disruption.…”

Section: Learning and Memory 493mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This indicates that a representation of training in a more enduring format than ongoing neural transmission had to have already been established by the time of amnestic treatment. Miller (1970) examined rats in a one-trial passive avoidance task in which rats received a footshock upon stepping down from a platform. With only 500 msec between onset of the footshock and onset of ECS, he found no amnesia relative to control subjects that did not receive ECS provided that there was pre-training exposure to the experimental apparatus (i.e., exploration of the platform and the floor below it).…”

Section: Basic Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This makes it highly unlikely that short-term memory representations could account for behavior indicative of retention when ECS occurs between training and testing. Thus, despite the fact that this behavior waned over longer retention intervals, the original observation of behavior reflecting training suggests that structural/ molecular consolidation occurred in <10 sec.The second residual memory effect is that under some circumstances, such as extensive pre-training exposure to the training context (i.e., familiarization), amnestic treatments that radically disrupt ongoing neural transmission fail to produce amnesia under conditions in which amnesia would otherwise be profound (e.g., when the test trial is delayed long after the amnestic treatment) (Lewis et al 1969;Miller 1970). This indicates that a representation of training in a more enduring format than ongoing neural transmission had to have already been established by the time of amnestic treatment.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes

Miller

Matzel²

2006

Learn. Mem.

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For at least 40 years, there has been a recurring argument concerning the nature of experimental amnesia, with one side arguing that amnesic treatments interfere with the formation of enduring memories and the other side arguing that these treatments interfere with the expression of memories that were effectively encoded. The argument appears to stem from a combination of (1) unclear definitions and (2) real differences in the theoretical vantages that underlie the interpretation of relevant data. Here we speak to how the field might avoid arguments that are definitional in nature and how various hypotheses fare in light of published data. Existing but often overlooked data favor very rapid (milliseconds) synaptic consolidation, with experimental amnesia reflecting, at least in part, deficits in retrieval rather than in the initial storage of information.As most commonly conceived, "memory consolidation" refers uniquely to the processes by which newly acquired information, which is initially represented in ongoing synaptic transmission, comes over time to be encoded in a format that was independent of ongoing activity (and thus sensory stimulation) (Müller and Pilzecker 1900;McGaugh 1966). Fundamental to consolidation theory as it was originally formulated is that there were dual representational systems, one dependent upon ongoing neural transmission and the other dependent on enduring (i.e., structural/molecular) changes in the nervous system (e.g., pathway synthesis, facilitation of transmitter release, potentiation of sensitivity to transmitter binding, enhancement of membrane excitability) (for a review, see Matzel et al. 1998). Presumably there was a sequential dependence of the latter process (consolidation) on the former process (see Hebb 1949). Today it is widely recognized that there are a number of different molecular-structural representations that may be formed during memory storage, and that these representations become stable (i.e., "encoded") at very different rates and are dependent on different neuroanatomical sites (see Gibbs and Ng 1977;McGaugh 2000). This conceptualization of the consolidation process is often referred to as "system consolidation," although it should be noted that these different structural-molecular representations need not be sequentially linked (see Tully et al. 1994). Much recent attention has been devoted to system consolidation, which is relatively slow and measured in hours, days, or even months (see Kim and Fanselow 1992), as opposed to the earlier but still not fully answered questions of initial consolidation, which is generally assumed to occur in seconds or minutes. Although careless use of language has resulted in some confusion between these two related but different types of consolidation, some researchers distinguish them by using the expression "synaptic consolidation" (or "short-term molecular consolidation") for initial consolidation, which they differentiate from system consolidation (Nadel and Moscovitch 1997; Nader et al. 2000b;Dudai 2004). The focus of...

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Section: Accounts Of Experimental Amnesiamentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Basic Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Learning and Memory 493mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Basic Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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