Effects of Environmental Temperature on Passive Intermodulation in Electrical Connectors

Jin, Qiuyan; Gao, Jinchun; Flowers, George T.; Wu, Yongle; Xie, Gang; Bi, Lingyu

doi:10.1109/tcpmt.2020.3028432

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…They are linked intrinsically and influence other types of nonlinearities despite significant differences in the time scales of the underlying physical processes. Ambient temperature also has a notable impact on the effect of thermal nonlinearities [69]. The main properties and distinctive features of the thermal effects at contacts of conductors with rough surfaces are discussed below.…”

Section: Thermal Nonlinearities At Contacts Of Good Conductorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Intermodulation at Contacts of Rough Conductors

Dayan

Huang

Schuchinsky

2022

Electronic Materials

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Passive intermodulation (PIM) is a niggling phenomenon that debilitates the performance of modern communications and navigation systems. PIM products interfere with information signals and cause their nonlinear distortion. The sources and basic mechanisms of PIM have been studied in the literature but PIM remains a serious problem of signal integrity. In this paper, the main sources and mechanisms of PIM generation by joints of good conductors are discussed. It is shown that the passive electrical, thermal and mechanical nonlinearities are intrinsically linked despite their distinctively different time scales. The roughness of the contact surfaces plays an important role in PIM generation by conductor joints. A review of the PIM phenomenology at the contacts of the good conductors suggests that novel multiphysics models are necessary for the analysis and reliable prediction of PIM products generated by several concurrent nonlinearities of a diverse physical nature.

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Section: Thermal Nonlinearities At Contacts Of Good Conductorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Intermodulation at Contacts of Rough Conductors

Dayan

Huang

Schuchinsky

2022

Electronic Materials

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“…According to the Holm's theory [15], micro asperities are distributed randomly on the contact surfaces between the contact junction, which results in contact resistance, capacitance and inductance, forming the non‐linear impedance effect at high frequency [16]. Therefore, the electrical characteristics of the inner conductor in type‐N contact pairs are equivalent to two bulk resistances determined by metal properties and an impedance model with non‐linear effect [17].…”

Section: Effect Of Strong Second‐order Signals On Pimmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of second harmonic and second‐order intermodulation on third‐order passive intermodulation

Jin

Feng

2021

IET Microwaves Antenna & Prop

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Third-order intermodulation (IM3) is considered as a typical metric to evaluate passive intermodulation (PIM) in electrical connectors, which may be affected by the second-order effect in the circuit with cascaded non-linearities. In this study, the effects of second harmonics and second-order intermodulation on the IM3 powers were theoretically modelled and experimentally verified. Combined with mathematical modelling, an equivalent circuit model of a passive non-linear source was presented to investigate the effect of second-order signals on the IM3 powers. A modified non-linear transfer function was developed by considering multiple non-linear superpositions in cascaded non-linearities. Based on the designed two-tone test, a mathematical expression was provided with the determination of correlation model coefficients. Numerical simulations were performed by using the proposed model, demonstrating the effect of signals induced by the second-order non-linearity on the IM3 powers in series passive components. The IM3 powers resulting from cascaded connectors associated with different signal frequencies were predicted. Coaxial connector samples were designed as cascaded PIM sources in circuits, which were experimentally measured in a GSM 900 MHz frequency band. Good agreement was obtained between the predictions and measurements with error of 0.76 dB in average.

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“…The model and characterisation of PIM has aroused the interest of researchers aiming to solve the PIM issues in RF devices. The generation mechanism of PIM often involves mechanics [3,4], heat [5][6][7], electromagnetic field [8][9][10], electrical contact [11][12][13][14][15] and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviour modelling of passive intermodulation in a complex non‐linear system

Luo

Gao

et al. 2023

IET Microwaves Antenna & Prop

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A novel method for modelling the passive intermodulation (PIM) in radio frequency (RF) devices, which works as a complex non-linear system, was proposed. Both behaviour modelling and experimental validation were introduced to clarify the generation of PIM in a parallel and series non-linear system. Taking the coaxial connector as an example, two types of N-type connectors with 4 and 6 contact petals were selected and put into research. The measurements both agree well with the predicted results, validating the proposed model.

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Effects of Environmental Temperature on Passive Intermodulation in Electrical Connectors

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

Passive Intermodulation at Contacts of Rough Conductors

Passive Intermodulation at Contacts of Rough Conductors

Effect of second harmonic and second‐order intermodulation on third‐order passive intermodulation

Behaviour modelling of passive intermodulation in a complex non‐linear system

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