Effects of fabrication materials and methods on flexible resonant sensor signal quality

Charkhabi, Sadaf; Chan, Yee Jher; Roy, Subhanwit; Islam, Monirul; Duffield, Brock B.; Jackson, Kyle; Bu, Lujia; Kim, Sang‐Hwan; Hillier, Andrew C.; Neihart, Nathan M.; Reuel, Nigel F.

doi:10.1016/j.eml.2020.101027

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Resonant sensors were screenprinted on the paper using a previously reported protocol. 20 In brief, a paper was taped to a PET sheet and placed on a screen printer. Conductive ink loaded onto a screen with spiral resonant designs was pneumatically pressed through with a squeegee onto the paper.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Materials for the GSR card include printer paper, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET, Melinex ST505, SWM International), double-stick tape (ATack clear, Amazon), gelatin (Great Value, Walmart), parafilm (Millipore Sigma), conductive ink (Dupont DP 5028), and solid wax ink (Professor Color). Resonant sensors were screen-printed on the paper using a previously reported protocol . In brief, a paper was taped to a PET sheet and placed on a screen printer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward Mail-in-Sensors for SARS-CoV-2 Detection: Interfacing Gel Switch Resonators with Cell-Free Toehold Switches

Carr

Dopp

et al. 2022

ACS Sens.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the importance of widespread testing to control the spread of infectious diseases. The rapid development, scale-up, and deployment of viral and antibody detection methods since the beginning of the pandemic have greatly increased testing capacity. Desirable attributes of detection methods are low product costs, self-administered protocols, and the ability to be mailed in sealed envelopes for the safe analysis and subsequent logging to public health databases. Herein, such a platform is demonstrated with a screen-printed, inductor−capacitor (LC) resonator as a transducer and a toehold switch coupled with cell-free expression as the biological selective recognition element. In the presence of the N-gene from SARS-CoV-2, the toehold switch relaxes, protease enzyme is expressed, and it degrades a gelatin switch that ultimately shifts the resonant frequency of the planar resonant sensor. The gelatin switch resonator (GSR) can be analyzed through a sealed envelope allowing for assessment without the need for careful sample handling with personal protective equipment or the need for workup with other reagents. The toehold switch used in this sensor demonstrated selectivity to SARS-CoV-2 virus over three seasonal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-1, with a limit of detection of 100 copies/μL. The functionality of the platform and assessment in a sealed envelope with an automated scanner is shown with overnight shipment, and further improvements are discussed to increase signal stability and further simplify user protocols toward a mail-in platform.

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Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Mail-in-Sensors for SARS-CoV-2 Detection: Interfacing Gel Switch Resonators with Cell-Free Toehold Switches

Carr

Dopp

et al. 2022

ACS Sens.

Self Cite

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“…This attention to positioning was important as the outside of the resonator is more sensitive than the center. 24 The reason for this difference in sensitivity is because the electromagnetic field inner arms of the Archimedean LC resonator have greater destructive interference than the outer arms. 8 Samples were placed on the sensor in the same location for each reading.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The core of the tissue was placed on the furthest edge of the resonant sensor, with the center of the tissue oriented on the outside end of the Archimedean spiral to control for any variation between experimental samples. This attention to positioning was important as the outside of the resonator is more sensitive than the center . The reason for this difference in sensitivity is because the electromagnetic field inner arms of the Archimedean LC resonator have greater destructive interference than the outer arms .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Characterization of Solid Tumors Using Resonant Sensors

et al. 2022

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Cancer continues to be a significant cause of non-traumatic pediatric mortality. Diagnosis of pediatric solid tumors is paramount to prescribing the correct treatment regimen. Recent efforts have focused on non-invasive methods to obtain tumor tissues, but one of the challenges encountered is the ability to obtain an adequate amount of viable tissue. In this study, a wireless, inductor-capacitor (LC) sensor was employed to detect relative permittivity of pediatric tumor tissues. There is a comparison of resonant frequencies of tumor tissues between live versus dead tissues, the primary tumor tissue versus tissue from the organs of origin or metastasis, and treated versus untreated tumors. The results show significant shifts in resonant frequencies between the comparison groups. Dead tissues demonstrated a significant shift in resonant frequencies compared to alive tissues. There were significant differences between the resonant frequencies of normal tissues versus tumor tissues. Resonant frequencies were also significantly different between primary tumors compared to their respective metastases. These data indicate that there are potential clinical applications of LC technology in the detection and diagnosis of pediatric solid tumors.

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“…The maximum deviation of the resonance frequency was observed to be 59 ppm over the full pressure and at the temperature-range of 26-55 °C [166]. Charkhabi et al compared the three different fabrication techniques to produce flexible-LC resonant sensor via screen-printed pastes, wound metal-wires and etched Cu-coated polyamide and analyze the resonance frequency and peak-to-peak amplitude of scattering parameters [167]. Dezest et al experimentally investigated the transduction efficiency by implementing 150 nm thick piezoelectric layer to the NEMS resonator and obtain a Q-factor values (Q = 900 in a vacuum and Q = 130 in air) at room temperature for resonant responses in the MHz-range [168].…”

Section: Recent Progress On Si-mems Resonant Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Si-based MEMS resonant sensor: A review from microfabrication perspective

Verma

Mondal

Gupta

2021

Microelectronics Journal

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With the technological advancement in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), microfabrication processes along with digital electronics together have opened novel avenues to the development of small-scale smart sensing devices capable of improved sensitivity with a lower cost of fabrication and relatively small power consumption. This article aims to provide the overview of the recent work carried out on the fabrication methodologies adopted to develop silicon based resonant sensors. A detailed discussion has been carried out to understand critical steps involved in the fabrication of the silicon-based MEMS resonator. Some challenges starting from the materials selection to the final phase of obtaining a compact MEMS resonator device for its fabrication have also been explored critically.

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Effects of fabrication materials and methods on flexible resonant sensor signal quality

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

Toward Mail-in-Sensors for SARS-CoV-2 Detection: Interfacing Gel Switch Resonators with Cell-Free Toehold Switches

Toward Mail-in-Sensors for SARS-CoV-2 Detection: Interfacing Gel Switch Resonators with Cell-Free Toehold Switches

Rapid Characterization of Solid Tumors Using Resonant Sensors

Si-based MEMS resonant sensor: A review from microfabrication perspective

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