Effects of fear conditioning on subsequent avoidance behavior and movement.

Weiss, Jay M.; Krieckhaus, E. E.; Conte, Richard

doi:10.1037/h0025832

Cited by 103 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The present avoidance results appear similar to those reported by Weiss et al (1968), who showed that prior fear conditioning resulted in poor subsequent shuttle avoidance learning. In the present experiment, fast heart-rate learning similarly resulted in poor subsequent avoidance learning.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effect of heart-rate learning under curare on subsequent noncurarized avoidance learning.

DiCara¹,

Weiss²

1969

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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Rats which learned to decrease heart rate under curare in order to avoid electric shock showed good subsequent learning of a free-moving skeletalavoidance response in a modified shuttle device, while subjects which learned to increase heart rate under curare showed poor subsequent avoidance and escape learning. Similar poor avoidance was shown by naive subjects trained with strong electric shock. These results suggest that instrumental learning of heart rate may alter emotional responses. An alternative explanation for poor avoidance performance based on learned "helplessness" is ruled out.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effect of heart-rate learning under curare on subsequent noncurarized avoidance learning.

DiCara¹,

Weiss²

1969

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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“…On the contrary, in proposing the motor activation deficit hypothesis to explain a particular set of behavioral results, the authors of the present paper are in no sense attempting to deny that considerable learning takes place during exposure to aversive and stressful conditions, and that such learning is a powerful determinant of an animal's subsequent behavior. In fact, the study of behavioral change as produced by learning in aversive situations has long been a focus of this laboratory (e.g., 24). What is being stated in the present paper is that effects observed in a number of experiments referenced in this paragraph are not due to transfer of a learned helplessness but, in this instance, are due to a transitory stress-induced neurochemical change.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…The first indication of this hypothesis can be found in Weiss et al (24) and Miller and Weiss (25), where it was suggested that the avoidance-escape deficit observed by Overmier and Seligman after inescapable shock was produced by some form of stress-induced "debilitation". Important evidence for this came from the first report by Overmier and Seligman (16).…”

Section: "Motor Activation Deficit" Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of Acute Exposure to Stressors on Subsequent Avoidance-Escape Behavior*

Weiss

Glazer

1975

Psychosomatic Medicine

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156

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This paper attempts to show that severely stressful conditions can lead to a deficit in avoidance-escape responding by reducing noradrenergic activity in the brain. It is argued that this stress-induced neurochemical change explains more adequately an avoidance-excape deficit seen previously in dogs after severe inescapable shock than does the "learned helplessness" explanation originally offered for this effect. A series of six experiments are described that test the stress-neurochemical change explanation, which is called the "motor activation deficit" hypothesis. The first experiment showed that a brief exposure to cold swim, which reduced central noradrenergic activity but did not induce "learned helplessness," produced an avoidance-escape deficit similar to that observed after inescapable shock in the original "learned helplessness" studies. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the deficit induced by cold swim was also similar to the original deficit in that it too dissipated with the passage of time and was reduced by pretraining animals in the correct response. Further experiments then showed that the deficit induced by cold swim was (a) aggravated by raising the height of the barrier between compartments in the shuttle box, and (b) did not occur if the avoidance-escape task used required little motor activity, both of the findings being predicted by the "motor activation deficit" hypothesis. Finally, an avoidance-escape deficit was produced by inescapable shock, and it was found that this stressor likewise did not impair avoidance-escape responding if the task required little skeletal activity, a result not predicted by the "learned helplessness" hypothesis. The paper concludes by discussing how the results presented in this paper, as well as in succeeding papers, support the "motor activation deficit" explanation for certain avoidance-escape deficits, defining the cases to which the explanation applies and discussing the neurotransmitters involved.

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“…For example, Bolles (1970Bolles ( , 1971 extensively and critically reviewed empirical research and theoretical interpretations of behavior in aversive stimulus situations, and concluded that an organism's strong tendency to freeze in those situations could account for many of the effects inadequately covered by existing explanations. Similarly, Blanchard & Blanchard (1969a, 1970 as well as Weiss, Kriekhaus, & Conte (1968) have argued that freezing (crouching) must be taken into consideration before any realistic analysis of active or passive avoidance learning could be completed .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity level and secondary motivation: Fear

Klare

1974

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Effects of fear conditioning on subsequent avoidance behavior and movement.

Cited by 103 publications

References 12 publications

Effect of heart-rate learning under curare on subsequent noncurarized avoidance learning.

Effect of heart-rate learning under curare on subsequent noncurarized avoidance learning.

Effects of Acute Exposure to Stressors on Subsequent Avoidance-Escape Behavior*

Activity level and secondary motivation: Fear

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