Effects of feeding diets containing <i>Fusarium</i> (naturally) contaminated wheat or pure deoxynivalenol (DON) in growing pigs

Trenholm, H. L.; Thompson, B. K.; Foster, Brian; Charmley, L. L.; Hartin, K. E.; Coppock, Robert W.; Albassam, M. A.

doi:10.4141/cjas94-049

Cited by 62 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Despite these differing responses a distinct dose-related effect of dietary DON on feed intake in pigs is still evident ( Fig. 1) even in the long-term (Trenholm et al, 1994). Pair-feeding studies with pigs indicate that at the lower dose ranges, the effects of DON on growth may be explained entirely by the effects on voluntary feed intake (Rotter et al, 1995).…”

Section: Feed Refusal Emesis and Anorexiamentioning

confidence: 92%

“…At a level of 15 mg/kg, feed intake was only 0.38 of control values. Even at the higher levels of DON, however, emesis was not observed (Trenholm et al, 1994). A particular feature of the appetite depression is that although the effect can be immediate, varying degrees of recovery over time have been reported, without withdrawal of DON from the feed.…”

Section: Feed Refusal Emesis and Anorexiamentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Pair-feeding studies with pigs indicate that at the lower dose ranges, the effects of DON on growth may be explained entirely by the effects on voluntary feed intake (Rotter et al, 1995). However, Prelusky (1997) concluded that at relatively high dietary concentrations of DON (above 9 mg/kg), the deleterious effects on weight gain may not be fully explained by the Bergsjo et al (1992), Friend et al (1992), Bergsjo et al (1993), Prelusky et al (1994b), Trenholm et al (1994), and Rotter et al (1995).…”

Section: Feed Refusal Emesis and Anorexiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A particular feature of the appetite depression is that although the effect can be immediate, varying degrees of recovery over time have been reported, without withdrawal of DON from the feed. Thus, Trenholm et al (1994) noted partial, dose-dependent, adaptation to DON-contaminated diets, the effects being reflected in proportionate reductions in weight gain. On the other hand, Prelusky et al (1994b) observed feed intake depression for the initial two days of feeding the contaminated diet followed by sufficient compensation thereafter to permit feed intakes and growth rates equivalent to those in control pigs.…”

Section: Feed Refusal Emesis and Anorexiamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Fusarium mycotoxins: a review of global implications for animal health, welfare and productivity

D’Mello

Placinta

Macdonald

1999

Animal Feed Science and Technology

554

305

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Trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins are the major Fusarium mycotoxins occurring on a worldwide basis in cereal grains, animal feeds and forages. Other important Fusarium mycotoxins include moniliformin and fusaric acid. Spontaneous outbreaks of Fusarium mycotoxicoses have been recorded in Europe, Asia, New Zealand and South America and, in addition, chronic exposure occurs on a regular and more widespread scale. The metabolism and adverse effects of the Fusarium mycotoxins are considered in this review with particular reference to recent data on specific and proposed syndromes and to interactions among co-occurring mycotoxins. Within the trichothecene group, deoxynivalenol (DON) is associated with emesis, feed refusal and depressed feed intake in pigs, while T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) are now clearly linked with oral lesions in poultry. The gut microflora of farm livestock are able to transform DON to a de-epoxy derivative. In contrast, the ovine metabolism of ZEN results in the production of five metabolites and relatively high levels of these forms may be excreted in the urine as glucuronides. There is now undisputed evidence that ZEN and its metabolites possess estrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep, but T-2 toxin has also been implicated in reproductive disorders in farm livestock. Fumonisins are positively linked with pulmonary edema in pigs, leukoencephalomalacia in equines and with deranged sphingolipid metabolism in these animals. Fusarium mycotoxins have also been provisionally implicated in ovine ill-thrift, acute mortality of poultry and in duodenitis/proximal jejunitis of horses. Several Fusarium mycotoxins may co-occur in a particular feed ingredient or in compound feedingstuffs. In general, combinations of Fusarium 50 , median lethal dose; LH, luteinizing hormone; Sa, sphinganine; So, sphingosine; ELEM, equine leukoencephalomalacia; DPJ, duodenitis/proximal jejunitis; PPE, porcine pulmonary edema 0377-8401/99/$ ± see front matter # 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 7 7 -8 4 0 1 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 5 9 -0 mycotoxins result in additive effects, but synergistic and/or potentiating interactions have been observed and are of greater concern in livestock health and productivity. Synergistic effects have been reported between DON and fusaric acid; DON and fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ); and DAS and the Aspergillus-derived aflatoxins. Limited evidence of potentiation between FB 1 and DON or T-2 toxin has also emerged recently. Additive and synergistic effects between known and unidentified mycotoxins may account for enhanced adverse effects observed on feeding Fusarium-contaminated diets. The potential for transmission of DON into eggs and of ZEN into porcine kidney and liver has been demonstrated. However, lactational carry-over of FB 1 appears not to occur, at least in cows and sows. It is concluded that livestock health, welfare and productivity may be severely compromised by consumption of DON, T-2 toxin, DAS, ZEN and fumonisins and by interactions am...

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Section: Feed Refusal Emesis and Anorexiamentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Feed Refusal Emesis and Anorexiamentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Feed Refusal Emesis and Anorexiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Feed Refusal Emesis and Anorexiamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Fusarium mycotoxins: a review of global implications for animal health, welfare and productivity

D’Mello

Placinta

Macdonald

1999

Animal Feed Science and Technology

554

305

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“…At equivalent DON levels, purified sources of DON elicited less severe growth depression compared to naturally contaminated DON sources, even when no other mycotoxins were detected (Trenholm et al, 1994). While this difference is yet to be explained, proposed hypotheses include the presence of other fungal components in naturally contaminated grains that contribute to DON toxicity, differential rates or degree of DON absorption, and potential undervaluation of DON due to the difficulty of analyzing toxin in a complex grain matrix (Etienne and Waché, 2008;Pestka, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The progression of deoxynivalenol-induced growth suppression in nursery pigs and the potential of an algae-modified montmorillonite clay to mitigate these effects12

Frobose

Erceg

Fowler

et al. 2016

Journal of Animal Science

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Two experiments were conducted to characterize the progression of deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced growth suppression and to investigate algae-modified montmorillonite clay (AMMC) as a means to alleviate the effects of DON in nursery pigs. In both experiments, naturally DON-contaminated wheat was used to produce diets with desired DON levels. In Exp. 1, 280 barrows and gilts (10.0 ± 0.2 kg BW) were used in a 28-d experiment arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design with 8 replicates per treatment. The 5 treatments consisted of 2 positive control (PC) diets with DON below detection limits and with or without 0 or 0.50% AMMC and 3 negative control (NC) diets with 5 mg/kg of DON and containing 0, 0.25, or 0.50% AMMC. No DON × AMMC interactions were observed. Overall, pigs fed DON had decreased (P < 0.001) ADG and final BW regardless of AMMC addition. Feeding DON-contaminated diets elicited the most severe depression (P < 0.001) in ADFI and G:F from d 0 to 3, remaining poorer overall (P < 0.01) but lessening in severity as exposure time increased. Pigs fed DON diets had greater (P < 0.05) within pen BW variation (CV) on d 28. Although the addition of 0.50% AMMC to diets restored (P < 0.05) ADFI from d 14 to 21 to levels similar to the PC, no other differences were observed for AMMC inclusion. In Exp. 2, 360 barrows (11.4 ± 0.2 kg BW) were used in a 21-d experiment with 9 dietary treatments arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial design with DON and AMMC inclusion as main effects. There were 8 replicate pens per treatment. Treatments consisted of 3 PC diets without DON, 3 low-DON (1.5 mg/kg DON) NC diets, and 3 high-DON (3 mg/kg DON) NC diets with 0, 0.17, or 0.50% AMMC incorporated at each DON level. No DON × AMMC interactions were observed. As DON level increased, ADG and final BW decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05), driven by decreased (quadratic, P < 0.01) ADFI and poorer (quadratic; P < 0.05) G:F. At both 1.5 and 3 mg/kg DON, reductions in ADG were most marked from d 0 to 7 (15 to 22% lower) and were least distinct from d 14 to 21 (5 to 6% lower). Incorporating AMMC at increasing levels had no effect on ADG, ADFI, G:F, or final BW. Overall, these experiments reinforce DON effects on feed intake but also indicate that the effects of DON on G:F may be more severe than previously thought. Furthermore, some pigs appear to develop tolerance to DON, as effects on ADFI and G:F lessen over time. However, the addition of AMMC did not offset the deleterious effects of DON.

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Influence of dietary nivalenol exposure on gross pathology and selected immunological parameters in young pigs

et al. 1997

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Young pigs were fed diets to which 0, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg of purified nivalenol (NIV) had been added. The exposure continued for 3 weeks without any signs of feed refusal, vomiting, or change in clinical appearance, and there were no changes in body or organ weights due to the exposure. However, the concluding macroscopic examination revealed gastrointestinal erosions and signs of nephropathy in most of the exposed pigs. There were no differences in total or differential blood leukocyte counts between control and exposed pigs in blood samples collected after 0, 1, or 3 weeks, nor in the number of thymocytes at the end of the trial. Spleen cell numbers showed a dose‐dependent decrease after 3 weeks of exposure that was statistically different from controls in pigs exposed to 5 mg NIV/kg. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes revealed decreased numbers of both the CD4+ and the CD8+ subpopulations in the spleen at this point in time, reflecting the lower numbers of splenocytes; but no proportional changes were seen. In blood, exposure to NIV caused a transient decrease in the proportion of CD4+ cells after 1 week of exposure. Analysis of IgG and IgA in plasma showed a time‐dependent tendency of increasing plasma concentrations of IgA and decreasing concentrations of IgG in the 2.5 mg/kg group, but differences in Ig levels between experimental groups and controls were not observed at any time. No differences were seen in the mitogen‐induced proliferation by lymphocytes from blood, spleen, or thymus. In conclusion, exposure of young pigs to NIV in the diet caused pathological alterations in the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract and reduced the number of splenocytes. The results also indicated that exposure to NIV caused a time‐dependent increase in IgA production in the 2.5 mg/kg group. Nat. Toxins 5:238–246, 1997. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Effects of feeding diets containing Fusarium (naturally) contaminated wheat or pure deoxynivalenol (DON) in growing pigs

Cited by 62 publications

References 10 publications

Fusarium mycotoxins: a review of global implications for animal health, welfare and productivity

Fusarium mycotoxins: a review of global implications for animal health, welfare and productivity

The progression of deoxynivalenol-induced growth suppression in nursery pigs and the potential of an algae-modified montmorillonite clay to mitigate these effects12

Influence of dietary nivalenol exposure on gross pathology and selected immunological parameters in young pigs

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