Effects of food containing betaine/amino acid additive on the osmotic adaptation of young Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Fish Meal Replacement with Soy‐derived Protein in Feeds for Juvenile Cobia: Influence of Replacement Level and Attractant Supplementation

“…The authors attributed these results to the action of betaine as an osmoprotectant, influencing cellular potassium loading and improving cellular and mitochondrial stability during and after seawater transfer. Others working with betaine in salmonid feeds have reached similar conclusions (Clarke et al 1994;Virtanen et al 1989Virtanen et al , 1994. As discussed by Papatryphon and Soares (2000b), the osmoprotective effects of betaine have been primarily observed following transfer to saltwater conditions, and may not be as influential in culturing freshwater stages of anadromous salmonids or freshwater fishes in general.…”

Betaine suppresses carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in skeletal muscle but not in liver of finishing pigs

“…This is in agreement with Feng (1996) and Ma et al (2000), who reported that the addition of 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750 mg/kg betaine to swine diets markedly increased IMF content in longissimus muscle. The addition of betaine also reduces carcass fat content and affects the distribution of carcass fat in other animal such as broilers (Saunderson and Mackinlay, 1990) and fish (Virtanen et al, 1989). However, adipose tissue is considered to be the primary site of de novo fatty acid synthesis in pigs (O'Hea and Leveille, 1969).…”

Nutritional and osmoregulatory functions of betaine

“…Transferring these crabs from fresh water to sea water results in a twofold increase in free amino acids, but not betaine. Sea water tolerance of young Atlantic salmon, however, is improved when betaine is added to their diet (Virtanen et al, 1989).…”

“…The unique chemical properties of betaine play a key role in providing osmoprotective properties in microorganisms and these attributes have a parallel in more complex organisms (Bagnasco et al, 1986;Chambers and Kunin, 1987). There is evidence that the addition of betaine to the feed improves the seawater tolerance of charr (Staurnes and Eliassen, 1986), rainbow trout and young Atlantic salmon (Virtanen et al, 1989).…”