Effects of Football Equipment on Thermal Balance and Energy Cost during Exercise

Fox, Edward L.; Mathews, Donald K.; Kaufman, Wayne Sanford; Bowers, Richard

doi:10.1080/10671188.1966.10614759

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Historically, comfort was considered a luxury and of secondary importance to other features such as protection within PPE. The death of seven collegiate American footballers due to heat stroke between 1959 and 1962 [4] demonstrated that comfort was not just a luxury but a key safety feature, which needs to be considered when developing sports equipment. Comfort has also been found to influence performance across a wide range of both cognitive, and physical activities, highlighting the negative effects that discomfort can have on students' examination performance and maximal grip strength performance [5][6][7][8], again demonstrating the need for products to be developed with increased perceived comfort.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporating subjective end-user perceptions in the design process: A study of leg guard comfort in cricket

Webster

Roberts

2009

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P:

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During the design of sports equipment, the main focus is usually on physical performance attributes, neglecting key subjective factors such as feel or comfort. The personal protective equipment worn in sport is a typical example of where injury prevention has taken precedence over user comfort, but it is anticipated that, with an improved approach to the design process, comfort can be enhanced without sacrificing protection. Using cricket leg guards as an example, this study aims to develop a systematic method for assessing user perceptions and incorporating them into the design process. Using this method, players' perceptions of the factors that influence comfort were elicited through the use of co-discovery sessions, focus groups, and individual interviews and analysed through an inductive process to produce a comfort model. The relative importance of the different comfort dimensions were identified through the use of an online questionnaire utilizing the analytical hierarchy process method. Through the combination of these methods, six general dimensions were identified with a weighting regarding the amount to which each one determines a user's perceived comfort. These results demonstrate how subjective analysis can be integrated into the design process, allowing for end users' preferences to be considered and integrated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporating subjective end-user perceptions in the design process: A study of leg guard comfort in cricket

Webster

Roberts

2009

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P:

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“…Intense and prolonged exercise undertaken before acclimatization may be detrimental to the child's physical performance and well-being and may lead to heat-related illness, including heat exhaustion or fatal heat stroke. 8 The rate of acclimatization for children is slower than that of adults. 9 A child will need as many as 8 to 10 exposures (30 to 45 minutes each) to the new climate to acclimatize sufficiently.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,8 Proper health habits can be learned by children and adolescents. Athletes who may be exposed to hot climates should follow proper guidelines for heat acclimatization, fluid intake, appropriate clothing, and adjustment of activity according to ambient temperature and humidity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Climatic Heat Stress and the Exercising Child and Adolescent

2000

Pediatrics

131

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ABSTRACT. For morphologic and physiologic reasons, exercising children do not adapt as effectively as adults when exposed to a high climatic heat stress. This may affect their performance and well-being, as well as increase the risk for heat-related illness. This policy statement summarizes approaches for the prevention of the detrimental effects of children's activity in hot or humid climates, including the prevention of exercise-induced dehydration.

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“…Heat stress has physiologic consequences that are associated with a decrease in exercise performance and an increase in the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). [7][8][9][10] Similarly, this has been observed 3,4,[11][12][13][14] with exercise while wearing a football uniform. The RPE also increases in hypohydrated individuals who exercise in the heat.…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Although an athlete may sweat at a greater rate while wearing a uniform, 3,4 a large percentage of the sweat drips off the body and, thus, does not contribute to evaporative heat loss. 5 Because of their large body sizes and intense levels of effort 6 and the environment (both the ambient and the microenvironment created between the skin and uniform), football players encounter a high risk of hyperthermia, which may lead to heat illness or death due to heat stroke.…”

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confidence: 99%

Perceptual Responses While Wearing an American Football Uniform in the Heat

Johnson

Ganio

Lee

et al. 2010

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context:The protective equipment worn during American football has been shown to increase thermal strain; however, the perception of this increased heat has not been examined.Objective: To evaluate perceptual responses of American football players while wearing different uniforms during exercise in the heat and to evaluate how these responses may be used to monitor athlete safety.Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Human Performance Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Ten men with more than 3 years of competitive experience as football linemen (age 5 23.8 6 1.3 years, height 5 183.9 6 1.8 cm, mass 5 117.4 6 3.5 kg, body fat 5 30.1% 6 1.7%) participated.Intervention(s): On 3 occasions in hot, humid (336C, 48%-49% relative humidity) environmental conditions, participants completed 10 minutes of strenuous repetitive box lifting (RBL), 10 minutes of seated rest, and up to 60 minutes of treadmill walking. At each trial, they wore a different uniform condition: control (CON) clothing comprising shorts, socks, and sneakers; partial (PART) National Football League (NFL) uniform comprising the uniform without helmet or shoulder pads; or full (FULL) NFL uniform. Exercise, meals, and hydration status were controlled.Main Outcome Measure(s): Rectal temperature (T re ), skin temperature (T sk ), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal perception (THM), perception of thirst (TST), and perception of muscle pain (MPN) were obtained for time points matched across trials. Results:Nineteen of the 30 trials ended before 60 minutes of treadmill walking as a result of participant exhaustion. Mean treadmill time was longer for the CON condition (51.7 6 13.4 minutes) than for the PART (43.1 6 15.6 minutes; t 9 5 3.092, P 5 .01) or the FULL (36.2 6 13.2 minutes; t 9 5 4.393, P 5 .002) conditions. Neck and forearm T sk increased between the initial time point and the end of exercise in the PART (33.6 6 0.96C and 35.0 6 0.66C, respectively; F 2,18 5 9.034, P , .001) and the FULL (33.4 6 0.96C and 35.2 6 0.66C, respectively; F 2,18 5 21.011, P 5 .002) conditions. Rate of T re rise was greater in the FULL (0.042 6 0.0106C/min) than in the PART (0.034 6 0.0066C/min) condition (F 2,27 5 10.69, P 5 .04). We found a relationship at the post-RBL and final time points between RPE and THM (r 5 0.75, P , .001 and r 5 0.59, P , .001, respectively), RPE and TST (r 5 0.76, P , .001 and r 5 0.61, P , .001, respectively), and RPE and MPN (r 5 0.63, P , .001 and r 5 0.64, P , .001, respectively). The RPE was greater at the end of exercise in the PART (17 6 2) and FULL (18 6 1) conditions than in the CON (15 6 3) condition (F 2,18 5 7.403, P 5 .005).Conclusions: Although no differences in perceptual scales existed between the PART and FULL conditions, the T sk and rate of T re increase differed, indicating that football athletes find it difficult to perceptually rate exercise conditions as potentially dangerous hyperthermia develops. In addition, correlations between the perceptual scales further defined perceptual responses during ex...

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Effects of Football Equipment on Thermal Balance and Energy Cost during Exercise

Cited by 17 publications

References 1 publication

Incorporating subjective end-user perceptions in the design process: A study of leg guard comfort in cricket

Incorporating subjective end-user perceptions in the design process: A study of leg guard comfort in cricket

Climatic Heat Stress and the Exercising Child and Adolescent

Perceptual Responses While Wearing an American Football Uniform in the Heat

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