Effects of fuel composition and octane sensitivity on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and soot emissions of gasoline–ethanol blend surrogates

Kalvakala, Krishna C.; Pal, Pinaki

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.08.019

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Further details of the design, implementation, and validation of the neural network can be found in ref . In contrast, TPRF–ethanol (TPRFE) blends were generated utilizing the correlation developed by Al Ramadan et al The data set for TPRFE blends was adopted from our previous study . The mole fractions of toluene and alcohol in the virtual blends ranged between 1–68 and 0–57%, respectively.…”

Section: Numerical Model and Fuel Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, the significance of each alcohol in reducing several soot precursors and soot emissions is comprehensively discussed with the help of a reaction path analysis. The current study is an extension of our previous work, where the effect of blending ethanol with TPRF fuels on soot emissions was examined. This work aims at examining the efficacy of blending three different alcohols with gasoline surrogates in reducing soot emissions, along with the associated chemical pathways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a significant interest in developing surrogate fuels that resemble practical gasoline in terms of the chemical and physical properties due to gasoline’s complex chemical composition. Toluene primary reference fuel (TPRF) surrogates containing iso-octane, n -heptane, and toluene have been shown to match the ignition quality and the chemical and physical properties of gasoline fuels to a large extent. , Hence, there is increasing interest in better characterizing the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot emissions from TPRF blends. − Many of these studies highlight the nonlinear relationship between fuel composition and PAH/soot emissions. Shao et al compared the PAH-forming propensity of four ternary gasoline surrogates (TPRF70, TPRF80, TPRF91, and TPRF97.5) during pyrolysis and found that the concentrations of smaller hydrocarbon intermediates were ranked based on the amounts of iso-octane and n -heptane in the fuel mixture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sluder et al conducted a literature review to identify that fuels with higher HoV and S help in expanding the thermodynamic working conditions of DISI engines by lowering the knocking tendency. Further, S alone has significant importance in determining the performance of ACEs. ,,− To characterize the importance of S on soot emissions, Kalvakala et al tested 90 different TPRF–ethanol blends under laminar partially premixed flame conditions. It was observed that the PAH and soot emissions were closely coupled to S , while the effect of ethanol on soot emissions was not directly proportional to its concentration in the fuel mixture but was highly interwoven with the fuel composition as a whole.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical Study of PAHs and Soot Emissions from Gasoline–Methanol, Gasoline–Ethanol, and Gasoline–n-Butanol Blend Surrogates

et al. 2022

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Soot formation is an intricate phenomenon, and soot propensity of a fuel is interwoven with the fuel composition, physical and chemical properties, and combustion environment. The present study examines the hypothesis that in addition to the chemical composition of the fuel, the sooting nature of the fuel is closely coupled with its chemical property known as octane sensitivity (S). With this motivation, the present study numerically investigates the effects of gasoline surrogate composition and its property, octane sensitivity (S), on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot emissions. Four-component toluene primary reference fuel (TPRF)–alcohol blends, comprising iso-octane, n-heptane, toluene, and one of the three different alcohols- methanol, ethanol, and n-butanol, are used as gasoline surrogates. A total of 320 TPRF–alcohol mixtures, with S in the range of 1–10, are examined under laminar counterflow diffusion flame conditions. A detailed chemical mechanism coupled with a comprehensive soot model, which includes reactions for soot inception, surface growth, PAH condensation, and oxidation, is adopted. The analysis indicates that the toluene content in the fuel mixture has a prominent effect, while the alcohol content and octane sensitivity of the fuel have a weak correlation with the PAHs and soot. Thus, it is not clear if any of these three variables, namely, toluene content in the fuel, alcohol content in the fuel, and S, are individually sufficient to characterize the PAHs and soot across various blends. For this reason, a new variable (X CHO) based on the elemental composition of the fuel mixture is identified and it is shown that X CHO along with S of the fuel characterize soot emissions satisfactorily. Further, a reaction path analysis indicates that the efficacy of alcohols in reducing soot emissions follows the order: methanol > ethanol > n-butanol.

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Section: Numerical Model and Fuel Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Numerical Study of PAHs and Soot Emissions from Gasoline–Methanol, Gasoline–Ethanol, and Gasoline–n-Butanol Blend Surrogates

et al. 2022

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“…For example, Kalvakala et al studied the relationship between the tendency of soot and fuel composition and chemical properties during gasoline combustion based on simulation technology. 27 Accurate combustion simulation is based on high-precision alcohol or gasoline combustion models. Therefore, the combustion models of alcohols and alcohol–gasoline have developed rapidly, and the corresponding combustion kinetic models of gasoline and alcohol fuels have also seen rapid development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ethanol and Methanol on the Combustion Characteristics of Gasoline with the Revised Variation Disturbance Method

Wen

Hou

et al. 2022

ACS Omega

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This paper proposes a revised variation disturbance method to provide valuable information and reference for fuel design or optimization of internal combustion engines to realize the comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of the effects of blending agents on the combustion performance of primary fuels. In this method, methanol and ethanol are blended into gasoline to form six kinds of alcohol–gasoline (E10, E20, E30, M10, M20, and M30). Then, the ignition delay, adiabatic flame temperature, component concentration, fuel-burning rate, extinction strain rate, and CO emission of gasoline and alcohol–gasoline are studied by system simulation in a wide range of operating conditions. Based on the new variation disturbance method, the effects of methanol and ethanol on the combustion performance of gasoline are next analyzed globally and characterized quantitatively. The comprehensive results of ethanol and methanol on the gasoline’s combustion are visually presented. The method proposed in this paper is preliminarily validated based on the analysis of the microscopic mechanism of combustion. The results show that the blending of ethanol and methanol has positive effects on gasoline combustion, and ethanol can rapidly ignite the gasoline in a wide range of operating conditions and is superior to methanol in terms of fuel combustion, stability, and pollutant discharge. Based on the treatment of simulated values of six combustion characteristics selected in this paper and the calculations of the variation disturbance method, the total disturbance values of ethanol and methanol to gasoline combustion are obtained as 0.8493 and 0.2605, respectively. That is, ethanol has a more significant effect on improving the combustion performance of gasoline than methanol. In addition, based on the analysis results of the combustion, it is found that the blending of ethanol enlarges the reaction of notable components in gasoline. This finding also proves the effectiveness and validity of the scientific method utilized in this paper.

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Specific size distributions of elemental and organic carbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from petrol engine using two fuel grades

Wang

Wang³

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Effects of fuel composition and octane sensitivity on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and soot emissions of gasoline–ethanol blend surrogates

Cited by 23 publications

References 41 publications

Numerical Study of PAHs and Soot Emissions from Gasoline–Methanol, Gasoline–Ethanol, and Gasoline–n-Butanol Blend Surrogates

Numerical Study of PAHs and Soot Emissions from Gasoline–Methanol, Gasoline–Ethanol, and Gasoline–n-Butanol Blend Surrogates

Effects of Ethanol and Methanol on the Combustion Characteristics of Gasoline with the Revised Variation Disturbance Method

Specific size distributions of elemental and organic carbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from petrol engine using two fuel grades

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