“…In soldering applications, minor gallium additions in Sn-based solder was intended to enhance wettability, mechanical strength, maximum elongation, and suppress IMC overgrowth [7,8]. Nickel, on the other hand, is often plated on copper substrates to serve as the diffusion barrier layer [9]. Academic resources have extensively studied the rate of Ni or Ni alloy consumption through IMC formation or dissolution when immersed in gallium alloys [10][11][12][13].…”