Effects of goal- and task-oriented motivation in the guilty action test

Differences in the readiness of guilty and informed innocent examinees to cooperate on the Guilty Action Test

“…Similar results were reported by Ben‐Shakhar et al. () and more recently by Zvi, Nachson, and Elaad, () and by Elaad (). To conclude, the mere knowledge of the relevant information in itself enhances physiological responses of informed innocent examinees.…”

“…Both Zvi et al. () and Elaad () reported that informed innocent participants who were motivated to pass the test could have deeply encoded crime‐related memories but still attenuate their responses to the critical items during the GAT. This stands in contrast to the results of other recent studies that reported no different responses to the critical items between informed innocents and guilty participants (Gamer, ; Gamer et al., ; Nahari & Ben‐Shakhar, ).…”

Effects of perceived efficacy and prospect of success on detection in the Guilty Actions Test

“…However, experimental evidence shows that other factors, such as motivation, overt deception, and coping or cooperation with the test also improve detection efficacy (see Ben-Shakhar and Elaad, 2003;Elaad, 2013Elaad, , 2014Meijer et al, 2014;Zvi et al, 2012). The present study further examined the effect of factors other than knowledge on CIT's detection efficacy.…”

“…Two recent studies have continued this line of research. The first (Elaad, 2013) manipulated the motivation of informed innocent participants (to prove their innocence [goal oriented motivation], or to cooperate with the test [task oriented motivation]) and the incentive levels (by either granting or withholding reward for success on the test). It was found that the combination of proving innocence and incentive for success enhanced the responses to the crime-related information, whereas the combination of motivation to cooperate with the test and an incentive for success attenuated them.…”

A review of the polygraph: history, methodology and current status

“…There is evidence to suggest that individuals who encode the information actively, as a guilty suspect would, while committing a crime, appear to encode crime-relevant information more deeply than individuals who encoded the information incidentally, like a bystander or 'look-out' might; but whether this results in a measurable difference in orienting responses has been a matter of investigation and debate (Ben-Shakhar & Elaad, 2003;Bradley, MacLaren, & Carle, 1996;Elaad, 2009Elaad, , 2011Elaad, , 2013Elaad, , 2014. Additionally, it has been proposed that intoxication at the time of the crime might interfere with the encoding of the memory and thus reduce the accuracy of the CIT, while increased arousal might conversely boost encoding and subsequent CIT results, but the research on this is limited (O'Toole, Yuille, Patrick, & Iacono, 1994).…”