Effects of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles on the Immune System Biomarkers Produced by RAW 264.7 and Human Whole Blood Cell Cultures

Abstract

Graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs) have attracted a lot of attention due to their many applications. These applications include batteries, super capacitors, drug delivery and biosensing. However, few studies have investigated the effects of these nanoparticles on the immune system. In this study, the in vitro effects of GONPs on the immune system was evaluated by exposing murine macrophages, RAW 264.7 cells and human whole blood cell cultures (to GONPs. The effects of GONPs on RAW cells were monitored under basal conditions. The whole blood cell cultures were exposed to GONPs in the presence or absence of the mitogens lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phytohaemmagglutinin (PHA). A number of parameters were monitored for both RAW and whole blood cell cultures, these included cytotoxicity, inflammatory biomarkers, cytokines of the acquired immune system and a proteome profile analysis. The GONPs were cytotoxic to both RAW and whole blood cell cultures at 500 μg/mL. In the absence of LPS, GONPs elicited an inflammatory response from the murine macrophage, RAW and whole blood cell cultures at 15.6 and 5 μg/mL respectively. This activation was further corroborated by proteome profile analysis of both experimental cultures. GONPs inhibited LPS induced interleukin 6 (IL-6) synthesis and PHA induced interferon gamma (IFNγ) synthesis by whole blood cell cultures in a dose dependent manner. In the absence of mitogens, GONPs stimulated IL-10 synthesis by whole blood cell cultures. The current study shows that GONPs modulate immune system biomarkers and that these may pose a health risk to individuals exposed to this type of nanoparticle.

Corrosion Resistance of Graphene oxide/Silver Coatings on Ni–Ti alloy and Expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in Human Oral Fibroblasts

“…The IL-6 and IL-8 levels of bare NiTi, GO-coated NiTi, GO/Ag-coated NiTi were significantly higher than the control (P < 0.001). The results are also similar to the results of Lategan et al 52 and www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Markhoff et al 53 . The former studied on the effect of GO nanoparticles (GONPs) on the immune system and that GONPs stimulated IL-6 and IL-10 synthesis by whole blood cell cultures.…”

Materials for Immunotherapy

“…Unlike CNTs, graphene is mostly proinflammatory due to its interactions with cell surfaces. When incubated with low concentrations of graphene oxide nanoparticles, macrophages were found to increase expression of IL‐6, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 . However, at high concentrations, the same nanoparticles were found to generate cytotoxicity.…”

Lysosome mediates toxicological effects of polyethyleneimine-based cationic carbon dots

“…Therefore, developing CDs for biomedical applications requires assessing not only their efficacy, but also their toxicological properties prior to further developments for the clinic. In the literature, CDs have been so far reported to cause little if any toxicity, and are therefore considered as biocompatible (Blas-Garcia et al 2016;Edison et al 2016;Emam et al 2017;Lategan et al 2018;Li et al 2015;Qian et al 2014;Ray et al 2009;Wang et al 2013;Yang et al 2009). However most studies were conducted on pristine CDs or on CDs that were surface-passivated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer used to prevent protein adsorption on NPs and therefore recognition of the latter by the immune system.…”